Following previous studies reporting a beneficial effect for pre-task planning on learners' task performance, the present research takes into account the possible effects of directing learners' attention to meaning and form of language on their written production while they have one- and five-minute strategic planning time. The study randomly categorized 48 intermediate learners of English into...

the present study was conducted to compare the effect of individual and group pre-task planning on efl learners’ accuracy and complexity in speaking. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 60 intermediate female learners at the first grade of high school were chosen by means of a sample preliminary english test (pet) and randomly divided into two experimental groups of 30 students; the individual...

Packaging design is one of the most important visual representations low-fat foods and a key factor in perception health product. The complexity packaging induces automatic processing relevant concepts by consumers, which affects their attitudes; however, this process not well understood. We developed sequential mediation model based on theories conceptual fluency metaphor to examine impact con...

In the present study, two different models of task complexity; namely, limited attentional capacity model and cognition hypothesis were examined. To this end, the manipulation of cognitive task complexity along +/- single task dimension on Iranian EFL learners’ production in terms of fluency was explored. Based on the results of the writing test of TOFEL (2004), 48 learners were selected as the...

Most learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) consider writing challenging task, and they experience difficulties such organizing thoughts, selecting relevant words to represent their views, producing rhetorical patterns specific the target culture. Research into L2 suggests that collaboration in classroom can assist students set goals, generate ideas, write edit, reflect on task. The ef...

This paper describes an experiment aimed at determining whether native and non-native speakers of Dutch significantly differ on a number of quantitative measures related to fluency and whether these measures can be successfully employed to predict fluency scores. Read speech of 20 native and 60 non-native speakers of Dutch was scored for fluency by nine experts and was then analyzed by means of...

In this one-year longitudinal study, we examined the central component processes of reading fluency, spelling accuracy, reading comprehension, and narrative text writing skills of 103 Turkish Cypriot children. Two cohorts of children from second and fourth grades were followed into third and fifth grades, respectively. The testing battery included the measures of phonological awareness, rapid a...

Fluency in terms of speed speech and (lack of) hesitations such as silent filled pauses (‘uhm’s) is part oral proficiency. Language assessment rubrics therefore include aspects fluency. Measuring fluency, however, highly time-consuming because the manual labour involved. The current paper aims to automatically measure L2 including pauses, both Dutch English. A revised existing script a new for ...