Vaccination represents the most effective control measure in the fight against infectious diseases. Local mucosal immune responses are critical for protection from, and resolution of, infection by numerous mucosal pathogens. Antigen processing across mucosal surfaces is the natural route by which mucosal immunity is generated, as peripheral antigen delivery typically fails to induce mucosal imm...

In this paper, we present the vehicle routing problem (VRP) with occasional drivers (OD) and order bundles (OB). The VRP-OD-OB is an extension of VRP-OD, where instead assigning one customer per driver, are assigned customers. To deal bundle-to-driver assignment, a bidding system exploited, in which company offers set raise their bids. These bids depend on features such as drivers’ destination,...

The blossoming of electric vehicles gives rise to a new vehicle routing problem (VRP) called capacitated VRP. Since charging is not as convenient refueling, both the service customers and recharging should be considered. In this article, we propose confidence-based bilevel ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm solve problem. It divides whole into upper level subproblem VRP lower fixed For sub...

Vehicle-routing problems (VRP) have been studied in depth. While traditional VRPs have been thoroughly studied, limited research has to date been devoted to multiobjective, real-time management of vehicles. In this paper a real-time multi-objective VRP is presented and mathematically formulated. Using four case studies, based on two real-world transportation networks (urban and interurban); the...

This study aims to explore the usability of virtual robotics programming curriculum (VRP-C) for teaching. Pre-service computer science (CS) teachers were trained teaching by using VRP-C in a scientific education activity. After training, views participants revealed scale and an evaluation form consisting open-ended questions. Results show that is compatible with schools, pre-service CS tend use...

Normative voice range profiles (VRP) are calculated for a group of male and female teachers, based on 43 and 46 recordings, respectively. All individuals had healthy voices. These normative VRPs contain 95% prediction intervals for both frequency and intensity. They are based on a series of mathematical transformations of the original individual VRPs in order to maintain in the normative VRPs t...

In previous research, the authors’ group has discussed both the development and prototype of the proposed courtesy bus scheduling system for a day care. The research found in this paper highlights the upgrades of the system. The arrival time of the buses and their allocation to the customers is explicitly considered. Then, the problem is formulated as a Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window ...

The Static and Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem with Random Requests (SS-VRP-R) describes realistic operational contexts in which a fleet of vehicles has to serve customer requests appearing dynamically. Based on probabilistic knowledge about the appearance requests, SS-VRP-R seeks priori sequences vehicle relocations, optimizing expected responsiveness requests. In this paper, an existing co...

A multi-agent VRP solver is presented in this paper. It utilizes the contract-net protocol based allocation and several improvement strategies. It provides the solution with the quality of 81% compared to the optimal solution on 115 benchmark instances in polynomial time. The self-organizing capability of the system successfully minimizes the number of vehicles used. The presented solver archit...

For humanoid robots to be used in real world scenarios, there is a need of robust and simple walking controllers. Limitation to flat terrain is a drawback of many walking controllers. We overcome this limitation by extending the concept of Divergent Component of Motion (DCM, also called ‘Capture Point’) to 3D. Therefor, we introduce the “Enhanced Centroidal Moment Pivot point” (eCMP) and the “V...