There has been no previous demonstration of opioid tolerance and dependence with respect to the propulsive and contractile activities of the gut in vivo. In the experiments described herein, morphine was administered continuously (1 mg/kg/hr s.c., 72 hr) and/or by bolus injection (2 mg/kg) and intestinal motility and transit were evaluated in unanesthetized rats. Tolerance in intestinal motilit...

RATIONALE Slow transit constipation (STC) is a common disease of which the etiology is still not clear. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain STC, including autonomic neuropathy, disorders of the enteric nervous system and so forth. Morphological abnormalities of the enteric nerves of the colon in patients with STC have been extensively reported, while there have been no morphologic...

Local bus network is the most popular transit mode and the only available transit mode in the majority of cities of the world. Increasing the utility of this mode which increases its share from urban trips is an important goal for city planners. Timetable setting as the second component of bus network design problem (network route design timetable setting vehicle assignment crew assignment) hav...

Intersections are considered as the most critical parts of the bus rapid transit (BRT) system. Transit signal priority is one of the efficient solutions to reduce BRT fleet delays at intersections. The aim of this study is to propose a new algorithm to decrease the BRT fleet delays at actuated intersections, while reducing the negative impacts on different approaches. The adaptive strategy is a...

1. Pemberton JH, Rath DM, Ilstrup DM. Evaluation and surgical treatment of severe chronic constipation. Ann Surg 1991;214:403-11. 2. Nam YS, Pikarsky AJ, Wexner SD, Singh JJ, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, et al. Reproducibility of colonic transit study in patients with chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:86-92. 3. Kamm MA, Hawley PR, Lennard-Jones JE. Outcome of colectomy for severe idiopat...

The colon serves to absorb fluid and electrolytes, to mix its contents, to store its contents and to empty it in a controlled fashion. Motility, absorption and secretion closely interact to fulfil these functions. Tone, phasic contractions and ano-rectal closure are the main principles of colonic motility. They are controlled by the enteric nervous system. Colonic motility differs from that in ...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is neurodegenerative disease, which accompanied by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in subtantia nigra. Non-motor symptoms, particular, disorders the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are observed 20-80% patients some 15-20 years before clinically diagnosed PD and not a least important feature pathogenesis. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels expressed through...