The distribution of several pathogenic helminth infections coincides geographically with many devastating microbial diseases, including enteric bacterial infections. To dissect the mechanisms by which helminths modulate the host's response to enteric bacteria and bacteria-mediated intestinal inflammation, we have recently established a coinfection model and shown that coinfection with the helmi...

Clinical post-influenza Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is characterized by extensive lung inflammation associated with severe morbidity and mortality even after appropriate antibiotic treatment. In this study, we show that antibiotics rescue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (Nox2)-deficient mice but fail to fully protect WT animals from influenza and S. aureus coin...

INTRODUCTION Spatial analysis of the distribution of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection was performed and associated with socioeconomic indicators in São José do Rio Preto, from 1998 to 2006. METHODS New TB/HIV coinfection cases were georeferenced and incidence coefficients were calculated for spatial units. Moran's index was used to evaluate spatial associations of incidences. Multiple regressions...

BACKGROUND The increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV is well established. Despite high prevalence of viral hepatitis coinfection with HIV, there are few studies on the risk of CVD amongst antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated coinfected patients. METHODS Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study participants who initiated ART without prior CVD events were analysed. HBV and HC...

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) coinfection has been shown to increase the incidence and severity of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) associated disease in gnotobiotic and in colostrum-deprived pigs. PPV and PCV2 coinfection is also common in the grow-finish pigs in the field today. The objectives of this study were to determine the interactions between PCV2 and PPV in conventional SPF pigs and to determin...

Coinfection with HIV adversely impacts every stage of hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Liver damage in HCV infection results from host antiviral responses rather than direct viral pathogenesis. Despite depressed cellular immunity, coinfected patients show accelerated hepatic fibrosis compared with HCV monoinfected patients. This paradox is poorly understood. T-regulatory (Treg) cells (CD4+ and FOXP...

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection is associated with infant HIV-1 disease progression and mortality. In a cohort of Kenyan HIV-infected infants, the frequencies of activated (CD38(+) HLA-DR(+)) and apoptosis-vulnerable (CD95(+) Bcl-2(-)) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells increased substantially during acute CMV infection. The frequency of activated CD4(+) T cells was strongly associated with both concu...

Interest in coinfection with multiple types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has increased in response to the possibility of vaccination and the discovery that the host immune response appears to be mainly type specific. This study attempts to document the occurrence of coinfection with multiple HPV types and to determine whether these coinfections predicted acquisition or persistence of other HPV...

We adapt the basic susceptible-infected model, to model the emergence of drug resistant pathogens under drug treatment pressure when there is coinfection. We are able to derive the invasion condition R0 for a resistant pathogen under a coinfection framework thereby explicitly linking the emergence of drug resistance to the life history parameters of the pathogen and how they are affected throug...

BACKGROUND The effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection on CD4 T cell recovery in treated HIV-infected children is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To compare CD4 T cell recovery in HIV/HCV coinfected children with recovery in HIV monoinfected children. METHOD We studied 355 HIV monoinfected and 46 HIV/HCV coinfected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) during a median follow-up...