die die Permutationen von X enthalten. Preface Let X be a set. A fundamental problem of the field of universal algebra is Describe the set of all universal algebras on X. Consider a universal algebra A on X. Many properties of A , such as its congruences, its subalgebras, and its automorphisms, do not depend on the fundamental operations of A , but on its term operations, that is, the operation...

Bacteria reproduce asexually and pass on a single genome copied from the parent, a reproductive mode that assures the clonal descent of progeny; however, a truly clonal bacterial species is extremely rare. The signal of clonality can be interrupted by gene uptake and exchange, initiating homologous recombination that results in the unique sequence of one clone being incorporated into another. B...

The goal of this project plan is to give an short overview of the topic that lies beneath the diploma thesis. It describes the main tasks and outcomes that should be achieved during this thesis. Since time management is an essential part of writing a diploma thesis, this plan also serves a guideline helping not to loose control over the allocated time. The thesis consists of 5 tasks (See [1] fo...

probiotics are live cultures of microbes; often lactic acid bacteria, but also some other species, which when fed to animals, improve their health and growth through altering the intestinal microbial balance. in the present research, healthy chickens’ gastrointestinal (gi) tracts were screened for the presence of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic properties. the probiotic properties of the is...

the p53 protein function is essential for the maintenance of the nontumorigenic cell phenotype. pancreatic tumor cells show a very high frequency of p53 mutation. to determine if restoration of wild type p53 function can be used to eliminate the tumorigenic phenotype in these cells, pancreatic tumor cell lines, panc-1 and htb80, differing in p53 status were stably transfected with exogenous wil...

Multilocus sequence typing gives us unparalleled insights into the population biology of bacterial species, including those that cause healthcare-associated and/or community-acquired infections. For many of these species, we now recognize the existence of internationally prevalent clones, which are often resistant to multiple antibiotics.

We investigate the structure of the lattice of clones on an infinite set X . We first observe that ultrafilters naturally induce clones; this yields a simple proof of Rosenberg’s theorem: there are 2 λ many maximal (= “precomplete”) clones on a set of size λ. The clones we construct do not contain all unary functions. We then investigate clones that do contain all unary functions. Using a stron...

A common concern with respect to cloning is based on the belief that cloning produces identical individuals. This is a fundamental misunderstanding of what type of identity-relation cloning involves. The concept "identity" is ambiguous, and the statement that cloning produces "identical" individuals is not meaningful unless the notion of identity is clarified. This paper distinguishes between n...

Heart-shaped clones he intricate shape of the heart is formed by oriented cell growth patterns, according to Meilhac et al. on page 97. The heart is formed during embryo-genesis from a simple tube-like structure. As it grows, the tube morphs into the complicated but familiar shape of our four-chambered heart. How one set of cells in the tube expands to acquire the shape of a ventricle while oth...

This paper considers the problem of designing nonlinear FIR filters from a bottom-up approach, in which simple components with known characteristics are combined into more complex filter structures. The specific approach considered here is based on the concept of a clone from universal algebra, generalizing the FIR-median hybrid (FMH) filter construction. Results presented here illustrate the f...