We investigate the effect of synoptic-scale weather patterns on observed maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) surface ozone over the eastern United States during 1980–2012 in summer (June–August, JJA). Zonally averaged, the relative standard deviation (SD) of daily MDA8 JJA ozone shows a bimodal structure, with peaks at 28–32 and 40–45 N, and we show that those regions are most influenced by the...

The katabatic wind system over the Greenland ice sheet is studied using simulations of the hydrostatic Norwegian Limited Area Model (NORLAM) and measurements of an instrumented aircraft. The structure and the dynamics of the katabatic wind over the ice sheet are investigated for a case study of the aircraft-based experiment KABEG (Katabatic wind and boundary layer front experiment around Greenl...

the main objective of this paper is to study climate changes and fluctuations in the four synoptic stations in sistan and baluchistan province in the past few years and to analyze statistically and simulate and forecast for the next years (2040-2009). this study used data from the outputs of general circulation climate model echo-g with a1 scenario that are now used at the university of hamburg...

Continental runoff is a major source of freshwater, nutrients and terrigenous material to the Arctic Ocean. As such, it influences water column stratification, light attenuation, surface heating, gas exchange, biological productivity and carbon sequestration. Increasing river discharge and thawing permafrost suggest that the impacts of continental runoff on these processes are changing. Here, a...

The spatial modeling of extreme snow is important for adequate risk management in Alpine and high altitude countries. A natural approach to such modeling is through the theory of max-stable processes, an infinitedimensional extension of multivariate extreme value theory. In this paper we describe the application of such processes in modeling the spatial dependence of extreme snow depth in Switz...

Factors that may account for subarctic vegetation patterns that are not reconcilable with synoptic climate were sought by reference to data on local climate, soils, parent materials, vegetation, and topography. Where the forest-tundra lies climatically northward, the vegetation transition zone is relatively narrow, and the soils are nutrient-rich, fine-textured loamy Cryosols derived from sedim...