How do stunning functional innovations evolve from unspecialized progenitors? This puzzle is particularly acute for ultrafast movements of appendages in arthropods as diverse as shrimps [1], stomatopods [2], insects [3-6], and spiders [7]. For example, the spectacular snapping claws of alpheid shrimps close so fast (∼0.5 ms) that jetted water creates a cavitation bubble and an immensely powerfu...

Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter a...

Conformation and locomotive characteristics (CLC; i.e., leg conformation and gait movement patterns) may be associated with osteochondrosis (OC) in pigs. Osteochondrosis and CLC increase the risk of premature culling. This study investigated whether CLC have an explanatory value, over the previously modeled effects of sex, feeding, and housing conditions, on the occurrence and severity of OC in...

Deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems support unique biological communities, but human impacts are an increasing threat. Understanding the life-history traits of species from deep-sea can help to develop adequate management strategies, as these have on ecological responses changes in environment. Here we examined occurrence sexual dimorphism yeti crab Kiwa puravida , endemic Costa Rican Paci...

We show that the Southern Crab (aka Hen2-104) presents an auspicious opportunity to study form and speed of invisible winds excavate shock lobes various types bipolar nebulae associated with close highly evolved binary stars. A deep three-color image overlay Hen2-104 reveals ionization state its lobe edges, or "claws", increases steadily from singly doubly ionized values increasing wall latitud...

A dynamic approach to use bisphosphonates according to biomarkers of bone metabolism is presented in the Z-MARK study by Raje and colleagues. This is a major step forward toward a rational approach to bisphosphonate usage.