After a brief survey of the importance of salt to ancient China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, this paper examines salt production and management of the Erlitou and Erligang cultures from the Yi-Luo River basin along the Yellow River and of Zhongba in the Ganjing River valley in the Yangzi’s Three Gorges region. All three case studies on Bronze Age China show that the political center of these cultur...

In seeking to understand the root causes of the events of 9/11 many accounts have turned to Samuel P. Huntington’s provocative and controversial thesis of a ‘clash of civilizations’, arousing strong debate. Evidence from the 1995-2001 waves of the World Values Survey/European Values Survey (WVS/EVS) allows us, for the Ž rst time, to examine an extensive body of empirical evidence relating to th...

This research explores the history and culture of African civilizations, from pre-colonial kingdoms empires to modern political, economic, social structures. It provides an overview civilizations their theorizing characteristics, then dives into looking at examines expansion including trans-Saharan trade, slavery, colonization, influence on cultures. looks preservation cultures, language preser...

Since Hippocrates’ dramatic description of the clinical features in a patient, the authors and many others believed to have experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage over 2400 years ago; this illness has remained a mystery up until the 19th century. The review describes the evolution of our understanding of subarachnoid hemorrhage and its treatment originating in first civilizations up to this very day.

Based on the study of several long-term societal indicators we estimate the phase transition between the “Technological Adolescent Age” (TAA) and the “Technological Mature Age” (TMA). Assuming the “Principle of Mediocrity” and using the Drake Equation we estimate a lower threshold for the number of technological civilizations in the galaxy.

In this study, the evolution of instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian and Anatolian cultures was examined starting from Sumerians up to Hittite civilization. The as high-ranking cultural assets are not only simple which sound, loudness, timbre, sound intensity generated. They indispensable elements rituals, conversation, communication, more importantly art Mesopotamia Anatolia. importance Sumeria...

In this paper we propose a new mathematical model capable of merging Darwinian Evolution, Human History and SETI into a single mathematical scheme: (1) Darwinian Evolution over the last 3.5 billion years is defined as one particular realization of a certain stochastic process called Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM). This GBM yields the fluctuations in time of the number of species living on Eart...

By tracking the history of architecture, one can observe impact presence vertical landmarks inside urban cores cities, their precise influence on skyline these cities and townscapes, as well strong in mental images people different cultures periods. Since landmarks, are classified components images, they have attained an intensive focus previous literature. Yet, very limited research has addres...