Abstract Focusing on the largely unpublished ‘city accounts’ (‘Stadsrekeningen’) of Bruges, this article examines city's giving prestigious Baltic beeswax to their lords, Valois and (later) Habsburg dukes Burgundy. It sheds new light urban government by analysing how civic leaders across north-western Europe used apiary product manage often fraught relationships with rulers reinforce identities...

This paper develops a baseline and definition for informal disaster diplomacy in order to fill an identified gap the existing research. The process adopted is review of concept informality, application informality diplomacy, disasters science. two applications are then combined outline as conceptual contribution studies where processes conflict, peace, interact. Adding into provides originality...

Sister cities were initially intended to create post-war friendships and cultural linkages. During this
 period, sister city relationships mostly formed based on similarities such as names, cultural
 or historical links. In the 1970s, there was an increase in mutual understanding aimed at city
 relations, well a shift pattern of friendly relations. Relations are availability of&#...

This paper maps out contemporary discourses of Chinese diplomacy that have proliferated under the aegis ‘major country with characteristics’. We examine how these narratives are underpinned by webs relationality see China promoting equal and win–win partnerships other state actors, yet also defined hierarchical premises for such diplomatic engagements. These relational contradictions most clear...

The Open University's repository of research publications and other research outputs The production of knowledge on women, gender, and Islamic cultures in the field of cultural diplomacy Other How to cite: Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on re...

The Open University's repository of research publications and other research outputs The production of knowledge on women, gender, and Islamic cultures in the field of cultural diplomacy Other How to cite: Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on re...