Online studios gained popularity in the wake of spread COVID-19 pandemic. Physical “lockdown” Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) forced Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan to allow universities carry on learning and examination through online mode. HEC developed protocols consultation with university administrations recommended faculty training, procedural formulation, technology developme...

Previous research has suggested that the racial composition of a jury plays a role in the likelihood of conviction of certain defendants. In general, it has been supported that White jury members are more likely to vote to convict Black defendants, while Black jury members are more likely to vote to acquit Black defendants. Prior research has suffered from flaws that could possibly affect these...

Debate over civil justice reform in the United States frequently centers on the extent to which damage awards granted by juries have been escalating over time. However, past studies on civil juries have been hampered by lack of data on verdicts spanning a sufficiently long time period. Average jury awards tend to be highly variable from year to year, making it difficult to distinguish trends ov...

crotchets about "parasitical mental growths" and indefinable scales of secondary punishments of Dr. Mayo. But Englishmen are not likely to forget that a jury is the shield interposed between the governing power and the citizen, in order to protect him from arbitrary and illegal assaults upon his liberty. May not a man's liberty be assailed by the false imputation of insanity ? The thing has bee...

I examine how peremptory challenges, which are vetoes that attorneys may use on prospective jurors, affect jury composition. The purpose of peremptory challenges is to eliminate biased jurors, however I show that under the two most common rules used in the United States peremptory challenges make biased juries more likely. I show that if unanimity is required for conviction, the distribution of...

Scientists, as expert witnesses, can aid juries greatly in their deliberations by explaining technical matters in terms easily comprehensible to jurors. When, however, the expert testimony is based on mere conjecture, speculation, or poor methodology, it can mislead the jury. Such evidence is commonly referred to as junk science.: Contrary to what might be expected, junk science results not onl...