The pressure that the human species exerts on natural environment through extraction of materials and generation wastes is widely recognised. Circular economy has emerged as a potential solution to make better use resources. Positioned technology-focused concept can generate economic gains while alleviating environment, circular enjoys positive reception by organisations in public, private civi...

Abstract Circular Economy (CE) is gaining traction among academics and stakeholders; however, there no unified framework on how to assess it. This paper proposes a that composed of two segments. The first segment includes circular processes based the value retention stages products systems different levels. second comprises impacts measuring goals CE concerning environmental performance, econom...

In the present paper, bending and stress analyses of two-directional functionally graded (FG) circular plates resting on non-uniform two-parameter foundations (Winkler-Pasternak foundations) are investigated using a first-order shear-deformation theory. To enhance the accuracy of the results, the transverse stress components are derived based on the three dimensional theory of elasticity. The s...

Local scouring around bridge piers is a natural phenomenon caused by the erosive process of flowing stream on alluvial beds. The 3D flow field around bridge piers interacting with the bed materials increases complexity of local scour process. The local scour depth develops in accelerated flows and if it is not predicted correctly, the bottom level of local scour hole will exceed the original le...

Maraghe observatory was built by such engineers as Moayiededdin Orozi etc. under supervision of Khaje Nasireddin Tousi in 7th century AH. The most significant feature associated with Maraghe observatory is the fact that architecture is employed to achieve astronomical purposes in this site. The reason for preferring observatory by astronomers was the fact that these units are superior to wooden...