Cyanogen chloride (CNCl) is a disinfection byproduct found in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water. Although there is an apparent greater association of CNCI with chloraminated water relative to chlorination systems, it was not clear whether these phenomenological observations are explained by differences in the stability or formation potentials of CNCI between the two disinfectants. In...

As water flows from treatment plants to the tap, chlorine, used to disinfect surface water meant for residential use, reacts with residual organic and inorganic matter, creating chlorine disinfection by-products. In recent years, these by-products have been scrutinized as a potential reproductive and developmental hazard. This study examined whether exposure to the four total trihalomethanes or...

Haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are formed during the disinfection of drinking waters with chlorine, are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule. Recently, three studies have been reported indicating that low concentrations of HAAs can also be formed during disinfection with chloramines. Methods currently appro...

AIM To monitor chlorine consumption from nonagitated aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions in human root canals using a recently developed assay, which can determine the order of magnitude of available chlorine in small volumes of liquid. METHODOLOGY The root canals of 80 extracted single-rooted human teeth were instrumented to ProTaper Universal F4 and irrigated using 1% NaOCl. Subse...

in the management of river basins, prediction of river water quality is essential to maintain water quality within standard limits. this study performed a time-series analysis of the prediction of chlorine concentration and electrical conductivity time series data for the period of 1991-2005 from sefidrood river in northern iran. the seasonal prediction of chlorine and electrical conductivity t...

In this study, in vitro excystation and mouse infectivity were compared as methods for quantitatively determining the viability of Giardia muris cysts before and after exposure to free residual chlorine. The mouse infectivity results show that very few cysts (1 to 15) constitute an infectious dose. The results of the inactivation studies indicate that in vitro excystation is an adequate indicat...

Chlorine is a widely used disinfectant and oxidant for an array of municipal industrial applications, including potable water, swimming pools, cleaning membranes. The most popular method to verify the concentration free chlorine colorimetric based on DPD (N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine), which fast reasonably cheap, but its product are potentially toxic. Therefore, novel, environmentally frien...

The effects of peroxyacetic acid (POAA), acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) and chlorine on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut apples and cantaloupe rinds were investigated. Apple cylinders were dipinoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and treated with sterilized water (control), chlorine, AEW or POAA for up to 8 min. Cantaloupe cylinders were spotinoculated with E. coli O157:H7 to th...

The mode of the transmission of Helicobacterpylori infection remains poorly understood. A total of 198 samples of drinking water from 22 districts of Basra governorate were collected during the period October 2006 to July 2007. The concentration of residual chlorine was measured and the numbers of total and faecal coliforms were counted. On modified Columbia urea agar, 469 bacterial cultures we...