An overview of the important aspects of managing and controlling industrial effluent discharges to public sewers namely sampling, characterization, quantification and legislative controls has been presented. The findings have been validated by means of a case study covering three industrial sectors namely, tanning, textile finishing and food processing industries. Industrial effluents discharge...

A methyl-detected 'out-and-back' NMR experiment for obtaining simultaneous correlations of methyl resonances of valine and isoleucine/leucine residues with backbone carbonyl chemical shifts, SIM-HMCM(CGCBCA)CO, is described. The developed pulse-scheme serves the purpose of convenience in recording a single data set for all Ile(δ1), Leu(δ) and Val(γ) (ILV) methyl positions instead of acquiring t...

Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) grown boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (B-NCD) is an attractive material for the fabrication of high frequency superconducting nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) due to its high Young's modulus. The as-grown films have a surface roughness that increases with film thickness due to the columnar growth mechanism. To reduce intrinsic losses in B-NCD NEMS it is ...

Internal parasites are considered by some to be one of the most economically important constraints in raising livestock. The growing concern about the resistance of internal parasites to all classes of dewormers has caused people to look for alternatives. As dewormers lose their effectiveness, the livestock community fears increasing economic losses from worms. There is no one thing that can be...

Simple bilayer organic solar cells rely on very thin coated films that allow for effective light absorption and charge carrier transport away from the heterojunction at the same time. However, thin films are difficult to coat on rough substrates or over large areas, resulting in adverse shorting and low device fabrication yield. Chemical p-type doping of organic semiconductors can reduce Ohmic ...

Concrete has been prestressed traditionally with high-strength steel. The vulnerability of such material to corrosion calls for alternate materials, if thin-sheet products are to be prestressed. A research project at Columbia University is investigating the feasibility of using aramid fiber mesh for such purpose. This paper explores the chemical and mechanical properties of aramid in the form o...

Incipient decay of wood by brown rot fungi causes measurable strength losses in wood before measurable weight loss occurs. Previous studies have shown that the high levels of strength loss that occur during incipient brown rot decay may be related to loss in hemicellulose. This paper investigates the effect of decay on hemicellulose composition and the relationship to the mechanical properties ...

Most of the non-point source nitrogen (N) load in rural areas is attributed to onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS). Nitrogen compounds cause eutrophication, depleting the oxygen in marine ecosystems. OWTS rely on physical, chemical and biological soil processes to treat wastewater and these processes may be affected by climate change. We simulated the fate and transport of N in different...

Introduction Conclusions References

IN HIS VIEWPOINT “INSURANCE IN A CLIMATE OF change” (12 Aug., p. 1040), E. Mills suggests that changes in climate have been responsible for some part of the trend in recent decades of increasing damage related to extreme weather. This claim is not supported by the peer-reviewed literature, including the most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1). Over recent ...