The ability of federal states to manage the COVID-19 pandemic has created much debate. Federations differ considerably in way they have been tackling crisis, however. To shed light on how European federations (Austria, Germany, Switzerland) managed COVID-19, this paper distinguishes two dimensions decision making: centralised/decentralised and unilateral/coordinated making. Drawing official gov...

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 led to London falling behind in flu vaccination rates, a report has concluded. The centralisation of vaccine coordination that stemmed from Andrew Lansley’s reforms disproportionately affected London, said the Royal Society for Public Health.1 The just one person being accountable across whole covering 2.2 million eligible patients 2186 general practices. A...

Abstract This article charts the long-term development of seigneurial governance within principality Guelders in Low Countries. Proceeding from four quantitative cross-sections (c. 1325, 1475, 1540, 1570) lordships, conclusion is that remained stable late medieval Guelders. The central argument this persistence was an effect active collaboration between princely administrations, lords, and loca...