One of the key hazardous events in railways is signals passed at danger (SPAD). SPAD events are relatively common, most with minor consequence. However, SPAD events with catastrophic consequences happen sufficiently often to be a concern within the rail industry. A SPAD event is a precursor to a train collision or derailment; hence there is a strong focus on measuring and reducing their frequen...

In this paper the catastrophic and extraordinary floods occurring in Barcelona County (Catalonia, NE Spain) are studied, in order to characterise the temporal evolution of extreme flash floods in that area and their main features. These events usually cause economical losses and major problems for undertaking daily activity in Barcelona city. This kind of floods is a very common feature in the ...

It has been suggested that social phobia may be characterized by two interpretation biases. First, a tendency to interpret ambiguous social events in a negative fashion. Second, a tendency to interpret unambiguous but mildly negative social events in a catastrophic fashion. To assess this possibility, patients with generalized social phobia, equally anxious patients with another anxiety disorde...

The main role of the insurance sector is coverage risks through pooling techniques. Against payment a premium, company compensates for unexpected losses, including catastrophic events and pandemics. However, differently from event, COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted that global impact on economic financial activities highly correlated. itself been strongly affected both by exponential growth cla...

Background & Aims of the Study: Today, in many sensitive occupational environments, human error can lead to catastrophic events. Given that the sensitive task of a control area operator, which in the occurrence of malfunction or failure leads to irreparable events, it is important to predict human errors to reduce its adverse consequences. Therefore, the present study was  perform by aiming to ...

This article deals with the role of insurance for damages from catastrophic events. Prior to the attack of September 11, 2001, insurers typically provided coverage for losses from terrorism and those from almost all other causes. These causes were thought by the industry to be of sufficiently low probability and were not a reason for making changes in premiums, underwriting, or reserves. In tim...

conclusions considering iran’s economic condition during the last five years, the catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio was more than 2% in iran. materials and methods this descriptive study on iranian rural and urban households was conducted from april to june 2015. the sample sizes were 19437 rural and 18888 urban households that iranian statistical centre (isc) selected them throug...