BACKGROUND The level of frailty in the older population across age cohorts and how this changes is a factor in determining future care costs and may also influence the extent of socioeconomic and gender inequalities in frailty. METHODS We model cohort-specific trajectories in frailty among the community dwelling population older than 50 years, using five waves (2002-2010) of the English Longi...

Variable and person-oriented analyses were used to explore the associations between personality and three previously untested general iris characteristics: crypts, pigment dots and contraction furrows. Personality data, as measured by the NEO PI-R and ratings of iris characteristics from 428 undergraduate students were collected. Crypts were significantly associated with five approach-related b...

The use of cross-over trials in investigating treatments for infertility is discussed. A simple possible approach to analyzing such trials using the Mantel-Haenszel procedure is explained. A more flexible approach based on the normal-binomial mixture model of Ezzet and Whitehead is examined. It is shown how this may be implemented in various statistical packages by applying it to two real examp...

Hippocampal place responses can be prospectively or retrospectively modulated by the animal's future or prior trajectory. Two main hypotheses explain this. The "multiple-map hypothesis" switches between different maps for different trajectories (rate remapping). In contrast, in the "buffer hypothesis," the hippocampus encodes an ongoing representation that includes the recent past and/or the im...

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a health concern which leads to complications such as retinopathy. Pakistan has 6.9 million people living with DM and this toll will be doubled by 2025. Objective: To determine serum IL-6 and IL-17 of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with retinopathy. Methods: In this cross-sectional casecontrol study, 212 subjects enrolled which were categorized in...

Background: Generalized vitiligo is characterized by autoimmunedestruction of melanocytes, which results in patches of thedepigmented skin and the overlying hair. Vitamin D is an essentialhormone synthesized in the skin and is responsible for skinpigmentation. Low vitamin D levels have been noted in patientswith a variety of autoimmune diseases. A recent study showedthat low vitamin D levels ma...

background : the high incidence of breast cancer in young women in iran and its resultant problems for families show the necessity of exploring studies conducted in this field. the present research was conducted to determine the volume of scientific production on breast cancer in iran, and to compare it with that of other countries in the middle east. methods : this systematic review study used...

Whereas the feasibility and effectiveness of Internet-based epidemiologic research have been established, methodological support for the quality of such data is still accumulating. We aimed to identify sociodemographic differences among members of a French cohort according to willingness to provide part of one's 15-digit national identification number (personal Social Security number (PSSN)) an...

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the correlation between serum IL-6 levels and the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) by conducting a case-control study and meta-analysis. Methods: Between January 2013 and December 2014, 87 IDD patients hospitalized in 307 Hospital of PLA, were regard as the case group and divided into bulging, protrusion and sequestration IDD types. The o...

C igarette smoking substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, sudden death, peripheral artery disease, and aortic aneurysm.' The overwhelming and consistent evidence supporting a causal role of smoking in cardiovascular disease derives from large numbers of observational analytic studies, both casecontrol and prospective cohort, in the ...