Abstract Acromegaly is associated with cardiovascular disease, the principal cause of increased mortality. Direct cardiac effects GH/IGF-1 are cardiomyocyte growth and contractility, remoddeling. Other important risk factors in acromegaly hypertension, valvular diseases, arrhytmias. Older patients long-term uncontrolled disease may develop congestive heart failure as end-stage acromegalic cardi...
