BACKGROUND Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) represents mainly cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to various complications associated with renal dysfunction-defined as type 4 CRS by Ronco et al.-because the effect of cardiac dysfunction on the kidneys does not need to be taken into consideration, unlike in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (CK...

Worsening renal function during treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) often complicates the treatment course of heart failure. Furthermore, the development of worsening renal function is a strong independent predictor of long-term adverse outcomes. Sometimes referred to as 'cardiorenal syndrome,' the definition varies widely, and the overall understanding of pathogenesis is limi...

Background: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) represents mainly cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to various complications associated with renal dysfunction—defined as type 4 CRS by Ronco et al.—because the effect of cardiac dysfunction on the kidneys does not need to be taken into consideration, unlike in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (C...

The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex clinical syndrome in which dysfunction of either the heart or the kidneys affects the functioning of the other organ system. Many therapies used in heart failure have further detrimental effects on renal function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a relatively new form of device therapy that reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with he...

In modern societies, lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, are major causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and renal failure. In particular, chronic kidney disease (CKD), as defined by reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 60 mL/min per 1.73 m) and/or the presence of renal damage for 3 months, is a significant threat to public health. Recent epide...

The cardiorenal syndrome has recently been defined as "disorders of the heart and kidney whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other." The syndrome is extremely common and independently associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, no pharmacological therapy has been shown to improve its outcomes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that i...

Cardiovascular disease and renal disease have a close relationship that forms a vicious cycle as a cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular inflammation could be therapeutic targets when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by accumulation of conventional cardiovascular risk factors; however, a strategy for management of CRS has not be...

An altered ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) profile is related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiorenal syndrome. In this study, we examined the effects of aliskiren, when added to angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, on ambulatory BP and cardiorenal function in CKD. Thirty-six hypertensive CKD patients were randomly assigned to the aliskiren add-on group (n = 18) o...

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes the reciprocally detrimental interaction between both acute and chronic cardiac and renal dysfunction. The syndrome is prevalent and carries a high mortality. CRS has five clinical subtypes, which share common pathogenetic mechanisms including neurohumoral and haemodynamic derangements. We describe several serum markers that offer improvements over tradition...

ADQI0--Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative--is a process that was created seeking consensus and evidence-based recommendations in the field of acute kidney injury. This organization gave birth to important classifications such as the RIFLE and the cardiorenal syndrome. Several conferences were organized in the last 10 years. Today, ADQI is a well-known initiative and it provides useful informatio...