This conference is taking place on the 55th anniversary of the introduction of rapid mixing methods to the field of biology by Hartridge and Roughton (1923a). Their specific aim was to study the reactions of hemoglobin with its ligands (Hartridge and Roughton, 1923b). The tenacity with which nature holds onto its secrets is nowhere better exemplified than with this remarkable molecule. The very...

The use of carbon dioxide, the most concerning environmental issue of the 21st century, as a feedstock for fuels productions still represents an innovative, yet challenging, task for the scientific community. CO2 photoreduction processes have the potential to transform this hazardous pollutant into important products for the energy industry (e.g., methane and methanol) employing a photocatalyst...

In a previous series of papers, a model for the calculation of CO2-air absorption coefficients taking line-mixing into account and the corresponding database/software package were described and widely tested. In this study, we present an update of this package, based on the 2008 version of HITRAN, the latest currently available. The spectroscopic data for the seven most-abundant isotopologues a...

We have become aware that a substantial part of the main text of [1] is copied from multiple other publications. In total, 46% of the main text was taken from publications by the same authors [2,3] and 10% from other papers [4,5]. Because of the extent of text taken verbatim from previously published articles, we have made the decision to retract the article. All the authors of [1] have agreed ...

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Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide is causing a wholesale shift in surface seawater chemistry, potentially threatening many marine organisms that form shells and skeletons from calcium carbonate. Recent papers suggest that the biological consequences of ocean acidification already may be underway and may be more complex, nuanced and widespread than previously thought.

Nutrient supply often limits growth in forest ecosystems and may limit the response of growth to an increase in other resources, or to more favorable environmental factors such as temperature and soil water. To explore the consequences and mechanisms of optimum nutrient supply for forest growth, the Flakaliden research site was established in 1986 on a young Norway spruce site with nutrient-poo...

The Neoproterozoic glacial intervals represent one of the most curious expressions of Earth’s climate. Despite the popularity of the hard “Snowball” hypothesis in the popular press, the scientific community remains divided over the extent of the Neoproterozoic glaciations, the age of the glaciations, the number of glacial events and the triggering mechanism for the glaciations. A major, and yet...

Identifying causal relations from time series is the first step to understanding the behavior of complex systems. Although many methods have been proposed, few papers have applied multiple methods together to detect causal relations based on time series generated from coupled nonlinear systems with some unobserved parts. Here we propose the combined use of three methods and a majority vote to i...

We examined the factors that determine the citations of 153 mechanistic aquatic biogeochemical modeling papers published from 1990 to 2002. Our analysis provides overwhelming evidence that ocean modeling is a dynamic area of the current modeling practice. Models developed to gain insight into the ocean carbon cycle/marine biogeochemistry are most highly cited, the produced knowledge is exported...