Causal manipulation theorems proposed by Spirtes et al. and Pearl in the context of directed probabilistic graphs, such as Bayesian networks, oŒer a simple and theoretically sound formalism for predicting the eŒect of manipulation of a system from its causal model. While the theorems are applicable to a wide variety of equilibrium causal models, they do not address the issue of reversible causa...

We study the impact of fuel taxes and kilometer taxes on households’ choices of vehicle quality, on their demand for kilometers driven, and on fuel consumption. Moreover, embedding this information in a model of the car market, we analyze the implications of these taxes for the opportunity costs of owning cars of different quality. Higher quality raises the fixed cost of car ownership, but it m...

In this paper we discuss a number of the ways in which the recognition accuracy of automatic speech recognition systems is affected by ambient noise in the automobile, along with the extent to which various techniques for robust speech recognition can provide for more robust recognition. We consider separately the effects of engine noise, interference by turbulent air outside the car, interfere...

A major source of particle number emissions is road traffic. However, scientific knowledge concerning secondary particle formation and growth of ultrafine particles within vehicle exhaust plumes is still very limited. Volatile nanoparticle formation and subsequent growth conditions were analyzed here to gain a better understanding of "real-world" dilution conditions. Coupled computational fluid...

Active noise control is a technique to cancel unwanted sound using adjustable secondary sound. In active sound profiling, the target is to obtain a certain sound field or profile and the power over specific frequencies can be altered in a desired way, even by amplifying it. Active sound profiling can be used for increasing the sound quality in a passenger car, for example, by modifying the engi...

CIAIR, Nagoya University, has been compiling an in-car speech database since 1999. This paper discusses the basic information contained in this database and an analysis on the effects of driving status based on the database. We have developed a system called the Data Collection Vehicle (DCV), which supports synchronous recording of multichannel audio data from 12 microphones which can be placed...

In the past decade, significant progress has been made in autonomous driving, and many novel computer vision methods have been proposed for vision-based autonomous driving. To date, most of these systems can be categorized into two major paradigms: mediated perception approaches and behavior reflex approaches. Mediated perception approaches [7] involve multiple sub-components for recognizing dr...