Abstract: Some scholars of the Interwar Debate on Socialism argue that the trial and error method developed by Taylor (1929), Lange (1938), and Dickinson (1939) proved that socialism could match or outperform capitalism. Other scholars argue that the trial and error method of simulating markets was an illegitimate compromise between true socialism and capitalism. The market socialists failed to...

The ‘varieties of capitalism’ (VOC) school has come to dominate comparative political economy, but there is little consensus within the literature on their core traits, proper labels, or which countries fit into which categories of capitalism. This article corrects this shortcoming by constructing an empirical index of the varieties of capitalism that can be used to empirically map European wit...