Knowledge of one’s own states of mind is one of the varieties of self-knowledge. Do any nonhuman animals have the capacity for this variety of self-knowledge? The question is open to empirical inquiry, which is most often conducted with primate subjects. Research with a bottlenose dolphin gives some evidence for the capacity in a nonprimate taxon. I describe the research and evaluate the metaco...

The Food and drug were developed by pharmacists and physicians, in particular Persian scientists throughout medical history. There was an especial view on the subject of nutrition and medications in Persian medicine (PM). Avicenna was one of the main Persian physicians who contributed to this field in the Canon of medicine “Al-qanun-fi-al-tibb”, his main medical and pharmaceutical text book in ...