Posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most frequent form of BPPV. It is characterized by a paroxysmal positioning nystagmus evoked through Dix-Hallpike and Semont positioning tests. Anterior canal BPPV (AC) is more rare than posterior canal BPPV; it presents a prevalent down beating positioning nystagmus, with a torsional component clockwise for the left canal, coun...

Root canal retreatment is often the preferred method of treating a tooth in which root canal treatment has failed. Part one of this two-part article discusses reasons for failure of root canal treatment, case assessment and treatment planning. Part two describes some of the practical techniques that are available to the practitioner and the rationale for root canal retreatment. Dent Update 2004...

Reduction of the gate length and gate dielectric thickness in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors for higher performance and circuit density aggravates problems such as poly-silicon (poly-Si) gate depletion, high gate resistance, and dopant penetration from doped poly-Si gate. To alleviate these problems in nanoscale transistors, there is immense interest in the replaceme...

In this paper a novel all-optical logic NAND, NOR and XOR gate based on nonlinear directional coupler theory is demonstrated. We use the identical structure which contains three waveguides, for designing these gates; the only difference however, is the power of inputs light beam. In other words, while a beam with 4 W/μm in power considered as logical one, the output is NAND gate and if a beam w...

In this paper a novel all-optical logic NAND, NOR and XOR gate based on nonlinear directional coupler theory is demonstrated. We use the identical structure which contains three waveguides, for designing these gates; the only difference however, is the power of inputs light beam. In other words, while a beam with 4 W/μm in power considered as logical one, the output is NAND gate and if a beam w...

During the treatment process for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) using canalith repositioning procedure, otolith can inadvertently enter semicircular canal instead of utricle. Canal conversion refers to situation where enters a different canal, while reentry occurs when returns same canal. The occurrence complicate accurate diagnosis and BPPV, potentially leading misdiagnosis unsucc...

Introduction: To achieve a successful endodontic treatment, the clinician has to identify the different canal configurations.mandibular premolars have the wide variety of root canal morphology and they are known as the most difficult teeth to treat in endodontics.CBCT  provides a non-invasive 3D confirmatory diagnosis as a complement to conventional radiography.The aim of this study was to...

The hypoglossal canal is a permanent element of the human skull. As well as the hypoglossal nerve, the canal also contains the venous plexus and an arterial branch leading to the dura mater. It emerged from our earlier studies that the venous plexus is a dominant component in this canal. In the present work the morphology and dimensions of the canal were studied on macerated skulls of humans an...

We studied the spatial characteristics of 45 vestibular-only (VO) and 12 vestibular-plus-saccade (VPS) neurons using angular rotation and static tilt in two cynomolgus monkeys. The purpose was to determine the contribution of canal and otolith-related inputs to central vestibular neurons whose activity is associated with the central velocity storage integrator. Lateral canal-related neurons res...