Neural coding for olfactory sensory stimuli has been mapped near completion in the Drosophila first-order center, but little is known in the higher brain centers. Here, we report that the antenna lobe (AL) spatial map is transformed further in the calyx of the mushroom body (MB), an essential olfactory associated learning center, by stereotypic connections with projection neurons (PNs). We foun...

We studied the contribution of a change in presynaptic calcium influx to posttetanic potentiation (PTP) in the calyx of Held synapse, an axosomatic synapse in the auditory brain stem. We made whole cell patch-clamp recordings of a principal cell after loading of the presynaptic terminal with a calcium dye. After induction of PTP by a high-frequency train of afferent stimuli, the Fluo-4 fluoresc...

The calyx of Held is a giant nerve terminal that forms a glutamatergic synapse in the auditory pathway. Due to its large size, it offers a number of advantages for biophysical studies, including voltage-clamp of both pre- and postsynaptic compartments and the loading with indicator dyes and caged compounds. Three aspects of recent findings on the calyx are reviewed here, each of which seems to ...

INTRODUCTION We have previously described the use of ureteroscopy-assisted retrograde nephrostomy. However, reaching the target calyx with the ureteroscope is difficult in patients with obstructive renal pelvic stones. CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our department for the treatment of a right renal stone. She was admitted to our department for percutaneous neph...

Depolarization of presynaptic terminals that arises from activation of presynaptic ionotropic receptors, or somatic depolarization, can enhance neurotransmitter release; however, the molecular mechanisms mediating this plasticity are not known. Here we investigate the mechanism of this enhancement at the calyx of Held synapse, in which presynaptic glycine receptors depolarize presynaptic termin...

siilver tetrafluoroborate complex of 5.11.17.23-tetra-tert-butyl-25-26,27,28-tetrakis (diphenylphosphinoylmethoxy)calyx[4]arene (l) has been synthesized by reaction of silver tetrafluoroborate and l in dichloromethane at room temperature. the complex formed has a 1:1 metall/ligand ratio. 1h and 31p nmr data support an encapsulated structure of the complex in which silver ion is located inside t...

Physalis Calyx seu Fructus is the dry calyx or with fruit of Solanaceae plant alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino, a long history use in medicine and food. However, despite its many potential therapeutic culinary applications, P. not being exploited for these applications on large scale. This study analysed various research related to different chemical components alkekengi, including s...

Dianthus multiflorus from Gazipaşa (Antalya), south Anatolia (Turkey), is described as a new annual species with verrucose calyx. The morphological differences from the species within the same group with Dianthus multiflorus, which are Dianthus aydogdui, Dianthus cyri and Dianthus tripunctatus, are discussed. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat category and observat...

Martinella has traditionally included two species, Martinella iquitoensis and Martinella obovata, that are characterized by the presence of interpetiolar ridges surrounding the stems and minute prophylls of the axillary buds. A third species, Martinella insignis, is here described as new, illustrated and compared to other species in the genus. Martinella insignis is the first record of the genu...

Machine vision methods are widely used in apple defect detection and quality grading applications. Currently, 2D near‐infrared (NIR) imaging technology is used to detect apple defects based on the difference in image intensity of defects from normal apple tissue. However, it is difficult to accurately differentiate an apple's stem‐end/calyx from a true defect due to their similar 2D NIR images,...