Abstract The traditional perception is that foreign aid provides leaders in recipient states access to nontax revenue, which incumbents may be able manipulate order provide public or private goods as required maintain office. Recognizing this possibility, donors have been shifting away from direct government-to-government and toward bypass aid, administered by NGOs civil society groups rather t...

Embayed beaches separated by irregular rocky headlands represent 50% of global shorelines. Quantification inputs and outflows via headland bypassing is necessary for evaluating long-term coastal change. Bypassing rates are predictable idealized morphologies; however, it remains to test the predictability realistic morphologies, quantify influence variable morphology, sediment availability, tide...