We have studied the evolutionary stages of pure e-tailers, click & mortar (C&M) and brick & mortar (B&M) retailers for three points of time: June 1999, June 2000, and June 2001. To evaluate the dynamic stages of etailing business as an innovative venture, we propose four stages: exploration, breakeven, growth, and maturity. The stages are measured by the impact of revenue and income on the firm...

Emerging market business cycles exhibit strongly countercyclical current accounts, consumption volatility that exceeds income volatility, and “sudden stops” in capital inflows. These features contrast with developed small open economies. Nevertheless, we show that a standard model characterizes both types of markets. Motivated by the frequent policy regime switches observed in emerging markets,...

There are various reasons why some entrepreneurs may be more overoptimistic at the start of their ventures than others. We distinguish between four broad categories of determining factors and three areas of overoptimism (income, psychological burden and leisure time) and empirically investigate those for a sample of Dutch start-ups. The first category is information. We find that more specifica...

Who Starts a Business and Who is Self-Employed in Germany Based on representative data, the German Micro-Census, we provide an overview of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2010, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socioeconomic background of these individuals, their education, previous employment status, and their inco...

The key question answered in this paper is, what characterises the manufacturing business environment in Nigeria and how are firms and government supposed to react? Based on a sample of manufacturing firms, our findings show that the environment, though complex-changing, is analysable. We offer some explanations for and draw strategic implications from these results. In a large, protected low-i...

the main purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the export of flowers in iran. after data collection using by the index of revealed comparative advantage (rca), the condition of business of flowers in iran was compared with a number of countries exporting the product. according to the results of study, the small elasticity of the exportation price in the function of export...

This paper will outline the changing forms of cooperation between national tax authorities in the taxation of income or profits from international business, especially transnational corporations (TNCs). The case study will illustrate broader trends of transformation both of statehood and the international state system, from the classical liberal model based on interdependence and coordination o...

All countries look to economic growth to reduce low-income. This paper focuses on the 1990s and assesses the role played by changes in economic growth, employment earnings and government transfers in the patterns of low-income intensity in Canada during the 1990s. We find that low-income intensity was higher in most provinces during the 1990s than during the 1980s (comparing comparable position...

All countries look to economic growth to reduce low-income. This paper focuses on the 1990s and assesses the role played by changes in economic growth, employment earnings and government transfers in the patterns of low-income intensity in Canada during the 1990s. We find that low-income intensity was higher in most provinces during the 1990s than during the 1980s (comparing comparable position...

Two hundred and forty three entrepreneurs in Lagos, the former capital city of Nigeria were surveyed. Results show that 69% of respondents are male and 31% female. The average age of entrepreneurs is 36.7. The time devoted to their businesses is approximately 37.8 hours per week. When asked to indicate the reasons for becoming business owners, Nigerian entrepreneurs suggested independence, sati...