This paper explores the role of threats from below in the emergence of electoral authoritarianism. Mass uprisings for democratic regime change undermine closed authoritarian regimes by making it difficult for autocrats to maintain their regimes through repression and co-optation. Anti-regime uprisings also promote the establishment of electoral authoritarianism by toppling existing closed regim...

The possibilities for good governance depends on institutional structures and the economic resources available for ensuring governance. In some cases centralised governance structures are inefficient. In other cases, decentralised structures turn out to be inadequate. In India decentralisation of power to village level has not improved the efficiency of rural development. Decentralisation of po...

Democratic Values -.07 (-1.77) -.04 (-1.06) Authoritarianism .04 (.91) .06 (1.47) Socio-Political (Control) Variables Education level -.16*** (-4.21) .01 (.34) Income in comparison to average -.03 (-.84) -.02 (-.48) Political orientation -.10* (-2.21) -.11** (-2.61) Religiosity -.01 (-.11) .10* (2.55) R (Adjusted) .54 (.53) .32 (.31) *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. 115 Hatred as an Emotional ...

To accommodate the staggering increase in federal litigation that has occurred in recent years, the federal judicial process has been gradually, but significantly, transformed. The number of federal judges has dramatically increased at both the trial and appellate levels.' The number of law clerks and "staff attorneys" employed in the courts of appeals also has grown dramatically.2 Moreover, an...