An analysis is presented for the problem of the fully developed natural convection under the influence of micropolar fluid flow of heat and mass transfer in a vertical channel. Asymmetric temperature and convection boundary conditions are applied to the walls of the channel. Solutions of the coupled nonlinear governing equations are obtained for different values of the buoyancy ratio and variou...

Measurements of turbulent fluctuations of horizontal and vertical components of velocity, salinity and suspended particulate matter are presented. Turbulent Prandtl numbers are found to increase with stratification and to become larger than 1. Consequently, the vertical turbulent mass transport is suppressed by buoyancy forces, before the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and vertical turbulent mo...

Buoyancy is a de-stabilizing force for diving cormorants that forage at shallow depths. Having to counter this force increases the cost of transport underwater. Cormorants are known to be less buoyant than most water birds but are still highly buoyant (rho= approximately 0.8 kg m(-3)) due to their adaptations for aerial flight. Nevertheless, cormorants are known to dive at a wide range of depth...

Shear and buoyancy are both known to contribute to the development of boundary layers, whose characteristics include turbulent mixing of scalar quantities within the layer. Purely shear-driven boundary layers include airflow over an airplane wing and stream flow over a bottom surface. Buoyancy-driven boundary layers include the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) and the upper levels of...

In a stratified rotating fluid, frictionally driven circulations couple with the buoyancy field over sloping topography. Analytical and numerical methods are used to quantify the impact of this coupling on the vertical circulation, spindown of geostrophic flows, and the formation of a shelfbreak jet. Over a stratified. slope, linear spindown of a geostrophic along-isobath flow induces cross-iso...

Turbulent plumes, which are seen in a wide number of industrial and natural flows, have been extensively studied; however, very little attention has been paid to plumes which have an internal mechanism for changing buoyancy. Such plumes arise in e.g. industrial chimneys, where species can react and change the density of the plume material. These plumes with chemical reaction are the focus of th...

Measurements of osmotic equilibrium of colloidal solutions, ranging from 170,000 to 20,000 in molecular weight, show that the negative buoyancy of the solute molecules is additive to the osmotic pressure. Seen together with earlier measurements of positive buoyancy of oil suspensions, these data confirm that the osmotic interaction between solute and solvent at equilibrium is purely a force-cou...

SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), which was first enacted in 1914 as a result the Titanic disaster, presents mandatory requirements for ship safety, such adoption watertight bulkheads. However, accidents continue to occur despite development and application numerous safety technologies. In case marine accident, risk sinking or capsizing due flooding can be reduced by subdividing area, but shipbuil...