Bees navigating between their nests and foraging sites rely on their ability to learn and to recall many complex visual patterns [1-4]. How are the elements that make up one of these patterns bound together so that the whole pattern can be recalled when it is required? Consider the sentence: 'Dons nod off.' The words in it can be distinguished by the pattern of elements or letters that they con...

Landing is an important but understudied behavior that flying animals must perform constantly. In still air, insects decelerate smoothly prior to landing by employing the relatively simple strategy of maintaining a constant rate of image expansion during their approach. However, it is unclear whether insects employ this strategy when faced with challenging flight environments. Here, we tested t...

Bumblebees perform complex flight maneuvers around the barely visible entrance of their nest upon first departures. During these flights bees learn visual information about surroundings, possibly including its spatial layout. They rely on this to return home. Depth can be derived from apparent motion scenery bees' retina. This is shaped by animal's and orientation: Bees employ a saccadic gaze s...

Cuckoo bumblebees (Bombus subgenus Psithyrus) are social parasites that have lost the ability to establish their own nests, and instead usurp nest of a bumblebee host reproduce. Accordingly, they entirely dependent upon species complete life cycle, therefore vulnerable co–extinction. Despite this, current consensus is there remains much we do not know about fundamental ecology many cuckoo speci...

Abstract Within the BiodiverCity project in Malmö (Sweden), green structure elements were implemented aiming to support biodiversity and enhancing amenity denser parts of city. In this study, bumblebee butterfly abundances species richness studied 20 three areas Malmö. The investigated consisted objects established within other their surroundings (e.g. road verges, lawns flowerbeds). Observed w...