These notes are concerned with one answer to a fundamental question in macroeconomics: What causes the recurrent ups and downs we call the business cycle? For years, based largely on the work of Friedman-Schwartz (A Monetary History of the United States), the emphasis in macroeconomics was on monetary theories of economic fluctuations. The Great Depression in the United States was explained by ...

Domestic savings are the primary source of financing for domestic investments, hence, they play an essential role in a country's economic growth. Therefore, understanding determinants is critical policy formulation.This study investigates impact financial sector stability on gross Ghana over period 1970-2017. Applying Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) technique, findings show that e...

An attempt has been made in this study to examine the relationship between entrepreneurship financing from the perspective of agricultural small and medium scale enterprises and nation building in Nigeria from 1990 to 2017. Data were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin with the application of Autoregressive Distributed Lagged and Bounds test to address the objective ...

Conventional notions suggest that persistently high budget deficits give rise to inflation, which monetary policy on its own is powerless to prevent. However, empirical evidence does not provide convincing support for such a hypothesis. This paper reexamines the issue in the case of Pakistan using Johansen cointegration analysis. The empirical results suggest that in the long-run inflation is n...

To come from the Bank of England to speak to the Society of Business Economists is to be a nominal economist among real economists. Businesses like yours and those who work in them are the real economythe supply sidethe workings of which ultimately determine the paths of real economic variables such as output growth, employment and productivity. The Bank’s paramount monetary policy objective ...

This paper examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth for six countries of Western Balkan (Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia) period 2005–2019. To determine direction causality development, we employed vector autoregression VAR approach. Findings indicate evidence supply leading theory (Hurlin & Venet, 2008; McKinnon, 1...

This paper uses a panel of state-level data to test whether changes in bank loan supply affect output. Since the U.S. states are small open economies with fixed exchange rates, state-specific shocks to money demand are automatically accommodated, leading to changes in lending if banks rely on deposits as a source of funding. Using these shocks as an instrumental variable, I find that shocks to ...