It is reported that every year hundreds of bridges were collapsed due to the dynamic forces acting on piers particularly during floods and scour around foundations. Since determination velocity distribution upstream pier directly related with this force, it important predict effect a presence diameter bridge turbulence parameters. In study, time variation point velocities in stream-wise vertica...

Recent studies have proposed and investigated the use of unbonded posttensioned (PT) bars in bridge substructure systems to improve their self-centering behavior. However, lateral loading resistance capacities reinforced concrete (RC) piers with PT (i.e., RC piers: PRC piers) could be easily compromised by early crushing base compression toe during a seismic event. Hence, order enhance pier int...