one of the important issues in hydraulic engineering is inspection of local scour depth around bridge pier. using piles is one of the ways for confronting local scour and erosion. in this study, the experiments were conducted in an 8m long, 0.5m deep and 0.25m wide flume. and the effectof using piles and number of them observed on the amount of scour in three different frude numbers. the shape ...

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To investigate the seismic behavior of wall pier a covered bridge, multi-layer shell element in OpenSEES was used to carry out numerical analysis under horizontal low cyclic loading weak axis direction. The effects mesh divisions models were evaluated and hysteretic curves, skeleton bearing energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation displacement ductility with different lateral modes ma...