Progressive stiffening of collagen tissue by bioapatite mineral is important physiologically, but the details of this stiffening are uncertain. Unresolved questions about the details of the accommodation of bioapatite within and upon collagen's hierarchical structure have posed a central hurdle, but recent microscopy data resolve several major questions. These data suggest how collagen accommod...

The effect of finite spatial resolution on the measured energy spectrum is examined via a parametric study using in situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements performed in the bottom boundary layer on the Atlantic continental shelf. Two-dimensional (2D) box spatial filters of various scales are applied to the data, and these filtered distributions are used to compute 1D energy spectra i...

Multiscale schemes for transferring information from fine to coarse scales are typically based on homogenization techniques. Such schemes smooth the fine scale features of the underlying fields, often resulting in the inability to accurately retain the fine scale correlations. In addition, higher-order statistical moments (beyond mean) of the relevant field variables are not necessarily preserv...

Nowadays, geospatial information systems (GIS) are widely used to solve different spatial problems based on various types of fundamental data: spatial, temporal, attribute and topological relations. Topological relations are the most important part of GIS which distinguish it from the other kinds of information technologies. One of the important mechanisms for representing topological relations...

BACKGROUND Cold-water coral reef ecosystems are recognized as biodiversity hotspots in the deep sea, but insights into their associated bacterial communities are still limited. Deciphering principle patterns of bacterial community variation over multiple spatial scales may however prove critical for a better understanding of factors contributing to cold-water coral reef stability and functionin...

Degenerate scales usually refer to a size effect which causes non-unique solutions of boundary integral equations for certain type of boundary value problems with a unique solution. They are closely connected to the presence of a logarithmic function in the integral kernel of the single-layer potential operator. The equations of the elasticity theory provide one of the known application fields ...

To investigate dominant vertical structures of observed temperature perturbations, and to test the temperature implications of the convective quasi-equilibrium hypothesis, the relationship of the tropical temperature profile to the average free tropospheric temperature is examined in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) satellite data, radiosonde observations, and National Centers for Environmen...