A workshop on animal botulism was held in Uppsala, Sweden, in June 2012. Its purpose was to explore the current status of the disease in Europe by gathering the European experts in animal botulism and to raise awareness of the disease among veterinarians and others involved in biopreparedness. Animal botulism is underreported and underdiagnosed, but an increasing number of reports, as well as t...

QUESTION My patient received 62 units of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for facial lines. Two weeks later, she found out that she was pregnant. Will this cause any harm to her fetus? ANSWER Botulinum toxin is not expected to be present in systemic circulation following proper intramuscular or intradermal injection. Moreover, BTX-A, which has a high molecular weight, does not appear to cross t...

IMPORTANCE Botulinum toxin injection for lateral canthal rhytids has been reported to result in dry eye, but its effect on tear film stability and tear production has not been studied thoroughly. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of botulinum toxin type A on tear film stability and tear production after treatment of lateral canthal rhytids. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a...

Two sisters with recurrent lesions, one on axillae and other on the groin, and with limited response to classical treatments were treated with injections botulinum toxin type A. We observed marked improvement in the patient treated in the groin and complete remission in the patient treated in the axillae. It was possible to spare the use of systemic antibiotics and topical corticosteroids. The ...

AIM To determine if botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections can reduce the frequency and severity of migraines. METHODS Patients (n = 127) were randomized to receive placebo or two doses of BoNT-A (Dysport). The primary endpoint was reduction in number of migraine attacks up to week 8 and between weeks 8 and 12 after injection. Patient diaries were used to record secondary endpoints, inclu...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin is widely used for facial aesthetics, and its use in men continues to increase. OBJECTIVE To provide a review of pertinent male anatomic features and updated clinical information on the use of botulinum toxin in men. METHODS A Medline search was performed for publications on sex differences in facial anatomy and on clinical studies examining the role of sex in bot...

Our data show that botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) didn't influence motor functions in naïve and CCI-exposed rats, but diminished the neuropathic pain-related behavior. The results indicate that BoNT/A administration diminished the spinal Iba-1 positive cells activation and, in parallel, downregulated IL-1beta. Moreover, we observed that in DRG the protein level of pronociceptive factors (IL-1beta a...

This paper provides a review of the research literature that reports on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin-A (BtA) to reduce tone and improve functional use of the upper limbs of children who have cerebral palsy. Evaluation of the findings suggest that injections of BtA have demonstrated promising short-term results by reducing tone and increasing active range of motion in some children. Posi...

BACKGROUND The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved four distinct formulations of botulinum toxin (BoNT) serotypes A and B (BoNTA and BoNTB) for medical use. These four products are indicated for many medical applications, but the three BoNTA formulations are the most widely used worldwide and are the only products approved for aesthetic use. The latest approval of a BoNTA with no com...

Our aim was to evaluate the effect of adding inhibitory casting to the treatment of young children with cerebral palsy who received injections of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) to gastrocnemius for equinus gait. Of the 20 patients in the series, 11 in group A had inhibitory casts applied on the day of the first set of BoNT-A injections and nine in group B did not have casting. Both groups rece...