Natural materials such as bone, tooth, and nacre are nanocomposites of proteins and minerals with superior strength. Why is the nanometer scale so important to such materials? Can we learn from this to produce superior nanomaterials in the laboratory? These questions motivate the present study where we show that the nanocomposites in nature exhibit a generic mechanical structure in which the na...

This publication presents the results of a randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial (a gold standard in the industry) on patients with fractured tibia or shinbone. We conducted a study on 131 patients with closed tibial fractures. These patients were randomly placed in two groups: one receiving a specific combination of micronutrient supplements that support healthy collagen pr...

Introduction Animals eat in order to get the energy and nutrients they need to live, grow and reproduce. Animals use energy to perform normal body functions such as breathing, walking, eating, digesting, and maintaining body temperature. Different types of nutrients provide energy as well as the building blocks needed for the development of bone, flesh, feathers, and eggs. These nutrients inclu...

The current project illustrates some of the challenges faced by both pathologists and mineralogists who attempt to identify and to understand the occurrence of non-cellular materials in human tissue. Some of those materials are indigenous crystalline solids, or “biominerals.” The latter are biologically precipitated phases that, except for their biological genesis, would be called minerals, e.g...

The prebiotic significance of laboratory experiments that study the interactions between oligomeric RNA and mineral species is difficult to know. Natural exemplars of specific minerals can differ widely depending on their provenance. While laboratory-generated samples of synthetic minerals can have controlled compositions, they are often viewed as "unnatural". Here, we show how trends in the in...

Abstract This study investigates the potential of Eco Enzyme (EE) in dissolving bone minerals (Ca, P, and N) its implications for organic fertilizer production. EE was produced through a three-month incubation water, molasses, waste 10:1:3 ratio an airtight container. The characterization involved analysis pH, acid sugar concentration, protease activity, enumeration non-selective bacteria, lact...

More than half of the >5000 approved mineral species are known from five or fewer localities and thus are rare. Mineralogical rarity arises from different circumstances, but all rare mineral species conform to one or more of four criteria: (1) P-T-X range: minerals that form only under highly restricted conditions in pressure-temperature-composition space; (2) Planetary constraints: minerals th...

Formononetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone, which can be found in low concentrations in many dietary products, but the greatest sources of this substance are Astragalus membranaceus, Trifolium pratense, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Pueraria lobata, which all belong to Fabaceae family. Due to its structural similarity to 17 β -estradiol, it can mimic estradiol's effect and therefore is consider...

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) often occur at the ligament-to-bone insertion site; thus, an in-depth understanding of the native insertion is critical in identifying the etiology of failure and devising optimal treatment protocols for ACL injuries. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic characterization of the ACL-to-bone interface, focusing on structural and c...