A new technique for three-dimensional (3D) electric-field (e-field) vector measurement is presented. Three laser beams with different propagation paths in an electro-optic (EO) crystal were used to resolve 3D components of e-field vectors. We adopted a special geometric shape of bismuth silicon oxide EO crystal so that the three beams would propagate within it. A sensitivity of 0.6 V/cm square ...

Although liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is a good candidate for the coolant in the subcritical transmutation blanket, it is also known to be very corrosive to stainless steel, the material of the carrying tubes and the containers. Such a corrosion problem can be prevented by producing and maintaining a protective oxide layer on the exposed surface of stainless steel. Proper formation of the...

PURPOSE To compare the dose and image quality of three methods for reducing the radiation dose to the eye at head computed tomography (CT): bismuth shielding, organ-based tube current modulation (TCM), and global reduction of the tube current. MATERIALS AND METHODS An anthropomorphic head phantom was scanned under six conditions: (a) without any dose reduction techniques (reference scanning);...

Abstract As the technology development, future advanced combustion engines must be designed to perform at a low temperature. Thus, it is great challenge synthesize high active and stable catalysts resolve exhaust below 100 °C. Here, we report that bismuth as dopant added form platinum-bismuth cluster on silica for CO oxidation. The highly reducible oxygen species provided by surface metal-oxide...

Vibration analysis in quasi-real time is studied by recording the time-averaged speckle pattern in a bismuth silicon oxide crystal (Bi(12)SiO(20)). When the crystal is illuminated with a spherical wave, the spatially structured information from the time-averaged speckle pattern leads to fringes in the Fraunhofer plane. No storage device is required when the appropriate wavelength is chosen for ...

OBJECTIVE Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is composed of Portland Cement (PC) and bismuth oxide (BO). Replacing BO for niobium oxide (NbO) microparticles (Nbµ) or nanoparticles (Nbη) may improve radiopacity and bioactivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of the materials: (1) PC; (2) White MTA; (3) PC+30% Nbµ; (4) PC+30% Nbη. MATERIAL AND METHODS For t...

Variable reflectance coatings (switchable mirrors) have significant advantages over traditional absorbing devices for radiant energy control in a variety of architectural and aerospace applications due to their large dynamic ranges in both transmission and reflection in the visible and near infrared regimes. Although electrochromic and gasochromic metal hydride films have been the primary focus...

Conductivity and thermopower measurements of artificial three dimensional bismuth crystals are presented. Due to the size dependent band gap of bismuth, electron transport in the bismuth crystals is a combination of both metallic and hopping conduction. The conductivity and thermopower due to the hopping pathways alone can be extracted through a comparison of the properties of the artificial bi...

Artificial photosynthesis relies on the availability of semiconductors that are chemically stable and can efficiently capture solar energy. Although metal oxide semiconductors have been investigated for their promise to resist oxidative attack, materials in this class can suffer from chemical and photochemical instability. Here we present a methodology for evaluating corrosion mechanisms and ap...

Hexagonal boron nitride is the only substrate that has so far allowed graphene devices exhibiting micrometer-scale ballistic transport. Can other atomically flat crystals be used as substrates for making quality graphene heterostructures? Here we report on our search for alternative substrates. The devices fabricated by encapsulating graphene with molybdenum or tungsten disulfides and hBN are f...