The solubility behavior of drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects in the formulation development. Although there was a great interest in solid dispersion systems during the past four decades to increase solubility by improving dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs; there commercial use has been very limited, primarily because of manufacturing difficulties and v...

Disturbances of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability may play a key role in vascular dysfunction and in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Thus assessment of a reduced NO bioavailability in human circulation is of particular interest. Here we summarize potential biomarkers of NO availability in human blood and critically discuss their respective significance and application fields.

The bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants is poorly understood. Often, a triad of chemical concentration measurements, laboratory sediment toxicity tests, and benthic infaunal community condition is used to assess whether contaminants are present at levels of ecological concern. Integration of these 3 lines of evidence is typically based on best professional judgment by experts; h...

This paper critically reviews the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in biosolids, with emphasis on identifying operation conditions that impact the accumulation of TrOCs in sludge during conventional wastewater and sludge treatment and assessing the technologies available for TrOC removal from biosolids. The fate of TrOCs during sludge thickening, stabilisation (e.g. aerobic digestion,...

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Existing experimental strategies for the in vivo evaluation of factors affecting oral bioavailability have been reviewed. Based on concepts that have evolved, an integrated set of strategies emerges that appears capable of providing estimates of the individual contributions attributable to absorption, losses in the gut lumen, and first-pass elimination in the gut wall and the liver. The only as...

BACKGROUND Use of earthworm to eliminate the phenanthrene from the soil (bioaccumulation) is developed as an economical method. Bioaugmentation of microorganism was used for promotion of bioaccumulation by earthworm. The aim of this study was to determine the bioaccumulation or biodegradation of phenanthrene by Eisenia fetida and bacterial consortium in polluted soil. METHODS The amount of 0....

Flavonoids constitute a large group of polyphenolic compounds naturally found in plants, which have a wide range of biological activity. Although flavonoids are beneficial to human health, their application is limited by their low bioavailability and poor water-solubility. Therefore, recently there has been a particular interest in glycosylated forms of flavonoids, which usually are better solu...

The desired bioavailability and the method of drug administration and delivery can require stringent control on the crystal size distribution. Optimal control strategies are proposed to manufacture crystals with a targeted size distribution by combining controlled seeding by impinging jet crystallization with a batch crystallizer operating at a controlled constant growth rate. The same strategi...

Aptamers and SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technology have gained increasing attention over the past 25 years. Despite their functional similarity to protein antibodies, oligonucleotide aptamers have many unique properties that are suitable for clinical applications and industrialization. Aptamers may be superior to antibodies in fields such as biomarker disc...