Muscle contraction is a complex phenomenon that begins with chemical processes, continues physiologically, and leads to the production of force. Although force in muscles depends on factors such as temperature, age, gender, race, but most important factor external load applied muscle. Determining effects increased muscle mechanics particular importance for planning exercise activities rehabilit...

The purpose of this anatomic study was to evaluate potential causes of rupture of the distal biceps tendon, to assess the dynamic relationship of the proximal radioulnar joint during pronation and supination, and to identify potential sites of impingement of the distal biceps tendon. For the anatomic study specimens were evaluated by light microscopy, multiplanar gross dissections, and Spalteho...

Biceps brachii is a double headed muscle. In terms of number and morphology of its head, it is one of the most variable muscles in the human body. Most common variation is third head, but four, five or even seven heads have been reported. In this study, 32 arms from 16 Nepalese cadavers were studied; supernumerary heads of biceps brachii were observed in 12.5% of 32 arms. Among these three head...

Introduction: Thermography records the skin temperature, which can be influenced by: muscle mass and subcutaneous fat layer. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of subcutaneous fat layer in the skin temperature variation rate, during exercise. Methods: This is a short-longitudinal study that involved 17 healthy male trained volunteers. Volunteers were divided in two gro...

Study Design Case-control study. Purpose The aim of the present study was to identify physical findings useful for differentiating between cervical spondylotic amyotrophy (CSA) and rotator cuff tears to prevent the misdiagnosis of CSA as a rotator cuff tear. Overview of Literature CSA and rotator cuff tears are often confused among patients presenting with difficulty in shoulder elevation. ...

BACKGROUND Primary and secondary lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii are common, with no clear consensus about their optimal management. HYPOTHESIS There is no difference in outcomes of tenotomy and tenodesis for lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. STUDY DESIGN We performed a comprehensive quantitative review of the published English-langua...

This is the first study to examine corticospinal excitability (CSE) to antagonistic muscle groups during arm cycling. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid electrical stimulation (TMES) of the corticospinal tract were used to assess changes in supraspinal and spinal excitability, respectively. TMS induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and TMES induced cer...

Hypoxia can affect energy metabolism. We examined gene expression and enzyme activity related to mitochondrial energy metabolism, as well as myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types in yaks (Bos grunniens) living at high altitudes. Real-time quantitative PCR assays indicated that the yak has significantly lower levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) mRNA in the biceps femoris and lower lev...

BACKGROUND The superiority of tenotomy vs. tenodesis for surgery on lesions of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is still under debate. Indeed, high-quality evidence is lacking, mainly because of methodological problems, such as retrospective design, population sample size or lack of patient randomization. METHODS/DESIGN The study will be a two-center, double-blind, randomized, contr...

BACKGROUND Electromechanical delay is the time lag between onsets of muscle activation and muscle force production and reflects both electro-chemical processes and mechanical processes. The aims of the present study were two-fold: to experimentally determine the slack length of each head of the biceps brachii using elastography and to determine the influence of the length of biceps brachii on e...