When we use the Refal machine for computation, we load a program into it, put the expression to evaluate into the view-field, and switch the machine on. The Refal machine works on its own; we do not interfere with its operation. After a while it comes up (or does not come up) with the desired (or not exactly desired) result. Metacomputation is an operation mode of the Refal machine where it is ...

P turfgrasses are characterized by an extremely fine, fibrous root system. This leads to considerable frustration on the part of researchers due to the time-consuming, costly procedures required to accurately study and measure turfgrass roots. Nevertheless, the monitoring of rooting depth and functional viability on a regular basis is an important dimension in any turf manager's information ass...

1 From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (K.H.Z., J.R.F., S.G.S., C.M.C.T.); and Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (K.H.Z.). Received September 10, 2001; revision requested November 8; revision received December 12; accepted December 19. Supported in part by Public Health Ser...

1 Logical Specifications 3 1.1 System Behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Time Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Linear Time Behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 Branching Time Behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.4 The Model-Checking Problem(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 First-...

arlier this year, a number of leaders from major U.S. corporations gathered at Sunnylands in California to discuss the critical importance of basic scientific research. For decades, the private sector has withdrawn from some areas of basic research, as accelerating market pressures, the speed of innovation, and the need to protect intellectual property in a global marketplace made a Bell Labs–s...

Three sight-type level sensors are glass gauges, displacers, and tape floats. Glass gauges are the most widely used instruments for measuring process tank level. Two types of level glass gauges measure liquid level in process tanks: tubular and flat gauges. The tubular type works on the same principle as a manometer. As the liquid level in an open tank rises or falls, the liquid in the glass tu...

To cite: Satya Prakash MVS, Lata S, Badhe ASR. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2016218340 DESCRIPTION A patient with open fracture of both bones of a leg was posted for wound debridement and external fixation. L3–L4 space was identified by the loss of resistance technique with Tuohy’s needle. An epidural catheter was passed through the Tuohy’s need...

In this paper we deal with sensitivity analysis of combinatorial optimization problems and its fundamental term, the tolerance. For three classes of objective functions (Σ,Π,MAX) we give some basic properties on upper and lower tolerances. We show that the upper tolerance of an element is well defined, how to compute the upper tolerance of an element, and give equivalent formulations when the u...

I describe the basics of probability theory, statistical signal processing and information theory, and how these disciplines inter-relate to form the foundations of a theory of information processing. Examples are drawn from point-process applications. Johnson Basics of Information Processing 1 Probability theory Random variables can be either discrete or continuous valued. Discrete random vari...