the relationship between moscow and the peripheral republics of the soviet :union: has been a controversial issue. the complicatedness and implications of this relationship was to a degree recognized during the soviet era. yet it was after the collapse of the communist regime that its real scope and significance were revealed, especially in central asian and caucasian republics where a variety ...

the vivid description in the history of beyhaqi of the political realities of its time is known to the researchers of this invaluable heritage of iranian history. in the mass of khwaja abolfal beyhaqi’s (385-470 ah) political reports which usually encompasses details and an awareness of the hidden and overt of political events of the qaznavid era, the theme of psychology of power is clearly tra...

facilitating the exchange of different experiences of nations which resulted in the growth and development of arts and sciences was one of the most important achievements of the mongols and of interests of their kings. the textile and cloth-weaving industry in the mongol era was not an exception. historical evidences show an increase in the exchange and trade of fabrics and textiles between ira...

the decentralized structure of the arsacid empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient and local traditions to grow and flourish. at this time pars although has been isolated but played an important role to guard and respect the basic ideologies of the past achaemenids. persis kings’ coins minted f...