The basal ganglia from 33 patients (all over one year of age) with Down's syndrome were examined pathologically. Forty-five per cent had calcification. Basal ganglia calcification was localised to a constant area of globus pallidus and became more prominent with increased age. Calcification and amyloid degeneration of the adjacent blood vessels were present. The proximity of abnormal blood vess...

Variable plot sampling has been widely used for many years. It was recognized, early in its application, that the process of getting stand volume could be divided into two components, counting trees to get basal area per unit area and measuring trees to get volume/basal area ratios (VBARs). It was further recognized that these two components had different amounts of variation and therefore shou...

Cyclic stretch stimulates numerous responses in alveolar epithelial cells--some beneficial, some injurious--often through mechanosensitive membrane-associated proteins such as stretch-activated ion channels. Tonic stretch, in contrast, stimulates only some of these responses. In this study, we hypothesized that the plasma membranes of alveolar epithelial cells expand during tonic stretch, not o...

To characterize the disturbance regime of one type of vegetation, study areas in which relatively small-scale disturbance predominates were chosen in several old-growth mesic forests in the eastern United States. Canopy openings covered 9.5% of total land area. New gaps were formed at an average rate of 1% of total land area per year; old gap area closed at a similar rate primarily by sapling h...

Here we challenge the view that reward-guided learning is solely controlled by the mesoaccumbens pathway arising from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and projecting to the nucleus accumbens. This widely accepted view assumes that reward is a monolithic concept, but recent work has suggested otherwise. It now appears that, in reward-guided learning, the functions of ventral an...

D1 dopamine receptors were pharmacologically characterized and localized by quantitative autoradiography in the basal ganglia of male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). The D1 selective antagonist SCH 23390 was used to label this receptor subtype. Starlings are songbirds and possess a neural circuit implicated in the learning and production of song. This circuit includes a sexual...

BACKGROUND In previous studies, the authors found that patients with spontaneous confabulation differ from those with nonconfabulating amnesia by 1) temporal context confusion (TCC) in memory based on an inability to suppress intrusions of currently irrelevant memory traces into ongoing thinking; and 2) lesions involving the orbitofrontal cortex, basal forebrain, or amygdala and perirhinal cort...

how to cite this article: saeedi borujeni mj, esfandiary e, almasi dooghaee m. childhood neurogenic stuttering due to bilateral congenital abnormality in globus pallidus: a case report and review of the literature. iran j child neurol. autumn 2016; 10(4):75-79.   abstract objective the basal ganglia are a group of structures that act as a cohesive functional unit. they are situated at the base ...

We monitored reproductive success of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) at 51 sites on Simpson Timber Company’s (STC) managed, young-growth forests in northwestern California from 1991 to 1995. We compared habitat characteristics between sites with high and low fecundity at 5 spatial scales (concentric circles of 7, 50, 114, 203, and 398 ha), using 2 stratifications of annual re...

When induced by in vivo oestrogen stimulation, ciliogenesis continues in culture in vitro of quail oviduct implants. Ultrastructure of ciliogenic cells was compared after culture for 24 or 48 h in the presence or absence of 10(-5) M-taxol. Taxol, which promotes polymerization and stabilization of microtubules, disturbed ciliogenesis, but formation of basal bodies was unaffected by the drug. Con...