In this study, a mathematical model of Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) has been developed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment using bang-bang, fuzzy logic PID controllers. The controllers were used to control the braking force be applied based on various parameters like relative slip, road condition coefficient friction between tire. result was compared analyzed. simulation showed that ...

Active magnetic bearings, which are open-loop and unstable, require a feedback control system to ensure stable operation of the rotating machines that they support. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers widely used in field applications these bearings for this purpose. PID designed work effectively within linear region machines. Due inherent nonlinearity active large unbalance forc...

The Switch Point Algorithm is a new approach for solving optimal control problems whose solutions are either singular or bang-bang both and bang-bang, which possess finite number of jump discontinuities in an at the points time where solution structure changes. Problems this class can often be reduced to optimization over switching points. Formulas derived derivative objective with respect swit...

A method is developed for solving bang-bang and singular optimal control problems using adaptive Legendre–Gauss–Radau collocation. The divided into several parts. First, a structure detection that identifies switch times in the analyzes corresponding switching function segments where solution either or singular. Second, after has been detected, domain decomposed multiple domains such multiple-d...

Most action potentials in the nervous system take on the form of strong, rapid, and brief voltage deflections known as spikes, in stark contrast to other action potentials, such as in the heart, that are characterized by broad voltage plateaus. We derive the shape of the neuronal action potential from first principles, by postulating that action potential generation is strongly constrained by t...

Changes in nursing concepts and health requirements, increased roles of nurses, increases in number of nursing clients, and changes in values of nurses themselves give rise to a variety of ethical conflicts that nurses must personally face in certain ethical situations, and these conflicts require high standard of ethics to resolve (Lee & Bang, 1984). Therefore, nurses must be able to justify t...