To prevent the dramatic degradation of the device performance of SiGe power heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and maintain the power efficiency, emitter-ballast resistors and base-ballast resistors have been employed in high power bipolar transistors. The microwave performance of emitter-ballast and base-ballast HBTs has been compared and discussed empirically in the previous work. Howe...

Ballast degradation can cause poor drainage, settlement and reduced lateral stability, which adversely affect railroad track safety and performance. Two indices are commonly used in the North American railroad industry to quantify the level of ballast degradation. These are (i) Fouling Index (FI) and (ii) Percentage Fouling (PF). Identifying these two traditional indices involve ballast samplin...

The dissolution of CaCO(3) is one of the ways ocean acidification can, potentially, greatly affect the ballast of aggregates. A diminution of the ballast could reduce the settling speed of aggregates, resulting in a change in the carbon flux to the deep sea. This would mean lower amounts of more refractory organic matter reaching the ocean floor. This work aimed to determine the effect of ocean...

To reduce ballast water-borne aquatic invasions worldwide, the International Maritime Organization and United States Coast Guard have each proposed discharge standards specifying maximum concentrations of living biota that may be released in ships' ballast water (BW), but these regulations still lack guidance for standardized type approval and compliance testing of treatment systems. Verifying ...