The paper presents a model of Biphase Mark Protocols (BMP) using Duration Calculus, which seems to be more general and more intuitive than the others in the literature [10]. With Duration Calculus we can model the behaviour of the bus in a natural way and in more detail. The model makes it possible to specify and verify BMP using PVS/DC− [9] tool. The mechanical verification not only ensures th...

We derive a simple expression for the photon helicity and polarisation-flip probabilities in arbitrary background fields, in the low energy regime. Taking the background to model a focused laser beam, we study the impact of pulse shape and collision geometry on the probabilities and on ellipticity signals of vacuum birefringence. We find that models which do not account for pulse duration can o...

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is highly utilized in manufacturing sectors owing to its ability to machine high strength materials with complex shape. The pulse duration of the pulse generator highly determines the machinability in such process. Since the duty factor can characterize the pulse duration, it is very essential to analyze its effect on machinability in the process. In the pre...

In order to engrave gravure plate with fine lines structures, conventional art used lithography with dry/wet etching. Lithography with dry/wet etching method allows to engrave lines with smooth concave shape, but its disadvantages include difficulty in controlling aspect ratio, high and uniform in large size process, substrate material limitation due to etching solution availability, and proces...

Conversion efficiency and electron temperature scaling laws are experimentally studied in the wavelength-cubed (l) regime, where a single-wavelength focus allows low energy pulses incident on a Mo target to produce x rays with excellent efficiency and improved spatial coherence. Focused intensity is varied from 2310 to 2310 W/cm. Conversion efficiency and electron temperature are best described...

We analyze the time profiles of individual gamma-ray burst (GRB) pulses, that are longer than 2 s, by modelling them with analytical functions that are based on physical first principles and well-established empirical descriptions of GRB spectral evolution. These analytical profiles are independent of the emission mechanism and can be used to model both the rise and decay profiles allowing for ...

A repetitive petawatt-class Ti:sapphire laser system operating with high spatial and temporal beam quality is demonstrated. Maximum pulse energy of 30 J is obtained via five multi-pass amplification stages. Closed-loop feedback control systems in the temporal and spatial domains are used to yield Fourier-transform-limited pulse duration (33.7 fs), and diffraction-limited focal spot sizes (with ...

Ž . Ž . Application of ‘high voltage’ HV pulses transdermal voltage U )50 V to preparations of human skin have been previously skin Ž . hypothesized to cause electroporation of multilamellar lipid barriers within the stratum corneum SC . Such pulses cause large increases Ž . in molecular transport and decrease in the skin’s electrical resistance. Here we describe the local transport regions LTR...

This paper aims to develop a combination of Taguchi and fuzzy TOPSIS methods to solve multi-response parameter optimization problems in green manufacturing. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), a commonly used non-traditional manufacturing process was considered in this study. A decision making model for the selection of process parameters in order to achieve green EDM was developed. An experi...

X-ray pulse duration control is critical to exploring the ultra-fast science at an x-ray freeelectron laser (FEL) facility such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The pulse length of a typical electron bunch that drives a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FEL is limited to the order of 100~200 fs, due to short-bunch collective interactions. Many novel schemes have been proposed...