Background. Knowledge of anatomical variations of posterior cord and its branches is important not only for the administration of anaesthetic blocks but also for surgical approaches to the neck, axilla, and upper arm. The present study aimed to record the prevalence of such variations with embryological explanation and clinical implication. Material and Method. 37 formalin-preserved cadavers, t...

BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms causing variation in current thresholds for electrical nerve stimulation may improve the safety and success rate of peripheral nerve blocks. Electrical impedance of the tissue surrounding a nerve may affect the response to nerve stimulation. In this volunteer study, we investigated the relationship between impedance and current threshold needed to obtain ...

OBJECTIVE To optimize the approach to the lacrimal sac during intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy. DESIGN Microscopic measurement of anatomical landmarks in cadaver sagittal head sections. SETTING The anatomy department of a large university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twenty adult cadaver sagittal head sections (12 right and 8 left) fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution were evaluated. INTERVEN...

The aim of this study was to establish a simple method for estimating the conduction velocity (CV) of post-ganglionic sympathetic sudomotor C fibres (SSFCV) in the upper and lower limbs by simultaneously measuring the sympathetic skin reflex (SSR) in two distant sites. Fifty healthy volunteers were studied. SSRs were recorded with standard surface electrodes applied to both proximal (axilla and...

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), which has long been used to evaluate the status of the axillary nodes, is known to be associated with a high morbidity rate (Kell et al., 2010). Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has successfully replaced ALND for evaluation of the axilla in breast cancer patients with clinically negative axilla (Kell et al., 2010). However, ALND performed in SLNBpositive ...

Several studies have shown that a woman's vaginal or axillary odors convey information on her attractivity. Yet, whether such scents induce psychoneuroendocrinological changes in perceivers is still controversial. We studied if smelling axillary and vulvar odors collected in the periovulatory and late luteal phases of young women modify salivary testosterone and cortisol levels, as well as sexu...

The development of accessory breast tissue, which is found anywhere along the milk line, is attributed to the failure of milk line remnants to regress during embryogenesis. Primary tumors may arise from any ectopic breast tissue. Accessory breast cancer occurring concurrently with primary invasive breast cancer is extremely rare. Two such cases were reported in this article. One was a 43-year-o...