Scale height is an important parameter in characterizing the shape of the ionosphere and its physical processes. In this study, we attempt to examine and discuss the variation of scale height, H m , around the F-layer peak height during high solar activity at the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region. H m exhibits day-to-day variation and seasonal variation, with a gr...

[1] We present 10 high‐speed video images that depict the bottom 150 m of a downward‐ negative, dart‐stepped leader in a rocket‐and‐wire triggered flash, recorded at 240 kiloframes per second (4.17 ms frame integration time), along with correlated measurements of the X‐ray emission at 50 m, electric field derivative (dE/dt) at 80 m, and the rocket‐ launch‐tower current beneath the leader. We ob...

the direction and speed of winds play an important role in the occurrence of pollutions and dust stormas well as location placement for the establishment of industries and the expansion of cities. yazd is a dry area of iran, and constantly exposed to the dust particles in the air; and this in terms of human life and health issues are of special importance. in this paper a day when due to the am...

The Chinese Gaofen-3 (GF-3) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) launched by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) has operated at C-band since September 2016. To date, we have collected 16/42 images in vertical-vertical (VV)/horizontal-horizontal (HH) polarization, covering the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy measurements of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) aro...

-Measurements of the normalized radar cross section (_o) made by the YSCAT nltrawideband scatterometer during an extended deployment on the Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CCIW) Research Tower located at Lake Ontario are analyzed and compared with anemometer wind measurements to study the sensitivity of cr° to the wind speed as a function of the Bragg wavelength. This paper concentrates on upw...

This paper reports on the use of a kite-based system for measuring low-altitude particulate matter (PM) concentrations over grassland in Inner Mongolia. The motivation came from PM-concentration measurements at heights below 3 m over non-erodible surfaces which showed constant concentrations and made flux calculations relatively uncertain. One aim was the quantification of wind-driven matter fl...

The main ecological services of the sand-fixed forest are windbreak, soil erosion control, and atmospheric dust retention. In this paper, the ecological services of Populus simonii forest were assessed by simultaneous measurements of wind speeds, daily amount of soil surface wind erosion, and amount of atmospheric dust deposition at different observation sites located within and outside the for...

wind erosion climatic factor is a measure of climatic factors explaining the wind erosion erosivity. humidity and wind speed are climatic characteristics that must be considered as the erosion parameters. in this study, linear moment analysis (l-moments) and wind erosion climatic factor were used to evaluate the regional climate’s tendency effect on wind erosion in yazd province. wind erosion c...

We have analyzed long-term wind speed time series from five field sites up to a height of 300 m from the ground. Structure function-based scaling analysis has revealed that the scaling exponents in the mesoscale regime systematically depend on height. This anomalous behavior is likely caused by the buoyancy effects. In the framework of the extended self-similarity, the relative scaling exponent...

Sonic anemometers are capable of measuring the wind speed in all three dimensions at high frequencies (10–50 Hz), and are relied upon to estimate eddy-covariance-based fluxes of mass and energy over a wide variety of surfaces and ecosystems. In this study, wind-velocity measurement errors from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer with a nonorthogonal transducer orientation were estimated for ov...