From Owicki-Gries’ resource invariants and Jones’ rely/guarantee to modern variants based on separation logic, axiomatic program logics for concurrency have a limited form of compositionality. Proving non-trivial properties usually requires the use of auxiliary state, which is “objective” in the sense that each thread’s auxiliary state is given a globally-unique name. Since auxiliary state expo...

This paper presents an analysis of the Spanish auxiliary verbs from a syntactic point of view instead a semantic analysis that is proposed by the traditional Spanish grammars. The syntactic context of the Spanish auxiliary verbs is clarified with the definition of five properties, which allow us to determinate if a verb behave as an auxiliary verb or not. The subject raising verb type defined i...

We propose scoring rule mechanisms for eliciting honest responses to a multiple choice question, MCQ. The respondent’s score consists of two terms: an auxiliary score based on his response to a related auxiliary question, and the corresponding scores of other respondents giving the same response as him to the MCQ. For this to work, the auxiliary score has to be truth-incentive for the auxiliary...

Auxiliary variables are often needed for verifying that an implementation is correct with respect to a higher-level specification. They augment the formal description of the implementation without changing its semantics—that is, the set of behaviors that it describes. This paper explains rules for adding history, prophecy, and stuttering variables to TLA specifications, ensuring that the augmen...

In the sieve theories of Rosser-Iwaniec and Diamond-Halberstam-Richert, the upper and lower bound sieve functions (F and f, respectively) satisfy a coupled system of diierential-diierence equations with retarded arguments. To aid in the study of these functions, Iwaniec introduced a conjugate diierence-diierential equation with an advanced argument, and gave a solution, q, which is analytic in ...

This paper argues that the distribution of the two Chinese aspectual auxiliaries -Ie and -zhe in the locative inversion construction is determined by the semantics of the event, in particular the interaction of lexical aspect (telicity and stativity) and agentivity. The -le/-zhe alternation shows a gradient effect similar to the selection of perfective auxiliaries in Romance and Germanic (Sorac...

Variational methods have proved popular and effective for inference and learning in intractable graphical models. An attractive feature of the approaches based on the KullbackLeibler divergence is a rigorous lower bound on the normalization constants in undirected models. In the suggested work we explore the idea of using auxiliary variables to improve on the lower bound of standard mean field ...

For any pair (X,Z) of correlated random variables we can think of Z as a randomized function of X. Provided that Z is short, one can make this function computationally efficient by allowing it to be only approximately correct. In folklore this problem is known as simulating auxiliary inputs. This idea of simulating auxiliary information turns out to be a powerful tool in computer science, findi...

Deep generative models parameterized by neural networks have recently achieved state-ofthe-art performance in unsupervised and semisupervised learning. We extend deep generative models with auxiliary variables which improves the variational approximation. The auxiliary variables leave the generative model unchanged but make the variational distribution more expressive. Inspired by the structure...

soil texture is an important soil physical property that governs most physical, chemical, biological, and hydrological processes in soils. detailed information on soil texture variability is crucial for proper crop and land management and environmental studies. therefore, at present research, 103 soil profiles were dogged and then sampled in order to prepare digital map of soil texture in bijar...