Anthony Downs* has observed that our most intractable public problems have two significant characteristics. First, they occur to a relative minority of our population (even though that minority may number millions of people). Second, they result in significant part from arrangements that are providing substantial benefits or advantages to a majority or to a powerful minority of citizens. Thus s...

The goal of this study is to explore the economic conditions that favor the joint development of therapeutics and companion diagnostics. I hypothesize that predictive biomarkers can generate economic value in drug development by increasing success rates. I construct an economic model of the development of a hypothetical new therapy, and devote particular attention to parameters regarding safety...

For the protection of commercial interests, licensing bodies such as the EMA and health technology assessment institutions such as NICE restrict full access to unpublished evidence. Their respective policies on data transparency, however, lack a systematic account of (1) what kinds of commercial interests remain relevant after market approval has been granted, (2) what the specific types of pub...

the counseling system is the one of the basis on which all social and political affairs are presented and investigated through public and political consultation in the form of discussions and free conversations. in the counseling system, it is the public wisdom and agreement that leads to the selection and determination of rulers, social and political constructs and institutions, codifying and ...

due to its domestic problems, russia failed to pay significant attention to central asia and the caucasus after the collapse of the soviet :union:. this resulted in a geopolitical vacuum in the region followed by extensive activities done by regional actors including iran, turkey, pakistan and israel as well as world players such as nato. defining central asia and the caucasus as 'near abr...

The purpose of the article is to determine legitimacy public authorities under martial law in Ukraine. oscillation policy Ukraine between private interests representatives oligarchic groups and good noted. need direct toward realization was Methodology. study based on provisions theory choice concerning two levels interaction process political exchange – constitutional institutional. dependence...

the kind of contracts of government and public organisations that relates public affaires, that named public or administrative contracts , are very important to fulfil legal duties of government, and public contracts are new forms of providing public welfare, and management of public services, that are based on consenting instead of being authoritarian, but had been studied less in iran law bec...