PURPOSE Altered autonomic innervation in tetraplegic individuals has been shown to depress certain immune parameters at rest and alter exercise-related salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses. The purpose of this study was to examine resting sIgA responses as a function of training load and episodes of upper respiratory symptoms (URS) in elite tetraplegic athletes. METHODS Resting saliva s...

BACKGROUND A graded symptom checklist is a commonly used concussion evaluation measure. Little is known about preseason baseline symptomatology of high school and college athletes with and without a previous concussion history. HYPOTHESIS The primary hypothesis investigated was that those individuals with a concussion history would report more symptoms at baseline testing. The effects of sex ...

OBJECTIVES To explore the performance of retrospective health data collected from athletes before Athletics championships for the analysis of risk factors for in-competition injury and illness (I&I). METHODS For the 2013 European Athletics Indoor Championships, a self-report questionnaire (PHQ) was developed to record the health status of 127 athletes during the 4 weeks prior to the champions...

Female athletes are at risk for clinical eating disorders, yet their onset experiences have rarely been studied with qualitative methods. This study, which included interviews with 12 collegiate female athletes and 17 non-athletes, identified factors that contributed to eating disorder onset for both subgroups. Inductive content analysis revealed that low self-worth, peer issues, and comorbid p...

objectives: the aim of the present study was to compare and contrastthe sub-scale of the body image of the athletes and nonathlete menopaused females. methods & materials: the subjects of the research comprise 60 individuals who were between 43-53 years old. in this study the personalinformation questionnaire and psdq test were used.the personal information questionnaire included the sub-scales...

CONTEXT A sports injury has both physical and psychological consequences for the athlete. A common postinjury psychological response is elevated fear of reinjury. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the implications of fear of reinjury on the rehabilitation of athletes, including clinical methods to measure fear of reinjury; the impact of fear of reinjury on rehabilitation outcomes, including...

Abstract. Objective: The authors compared collegiate athletes and nonathletes to see whether there were significant differences in the perceived levels of social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression and if an interaction among the variables of athlete status, gender, GPA, BMI, and levels of weekly exercise and sleep were associated with depression symptomatology. Participants: Participant...

purpose some major competitions (e.g. london olympics, 2012) are scheduled during the ramadan fasting month. little attention has been given to explore the archers’ performance related subjective experiences with a qualitative method. therefore, this study addressed individual archers’ subjective experiences within the framework of self-regulation during ramadan. methods eleven elite malaysian ...