OBJECTIVE Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale (MSSS)-88 has been developed for self-assessment of spasticity symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to validate MSSS-88 and evaluate the psychometric properties in patients with MS in Serbia. METHODS The study comprised 65 MS patients with spasticity. MSSS-88 consists of 88 items grouped in eight secti...

Each year, around 2% of the UK population consults their GP about a suspected sinus infection (Ashworth 2005). Most people with acute sinusitis recover with or without treatment within 10 days of seeing a GP (Williamson 2007), but about 92% are prescribed an antibacterial, even though it makes little difference to outcome. (Ashworth 2005) Acute sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the nose a...

Each year, around 2% of the UK population consults their GP about a suspected sinus infection (Ashworth 2005). Most people with acute sinusitis recover with or without treatment within 10 days of seeing a GP (Williamson 2007), but about 92% are prescribed an antibacterial, even though it makes little difference to outcome. (Ashworth 2005) Acute sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the nose a...

We compared a unilateral robot-assisted training protocol (URTP) and a bilateral robot-assisted training protocol (BRTP) to study their differential effects. We recruited 21 patients with stroke who received 90-105 min of therapy 5 days/wk for 4 wk. Participants in the URTP and BRTP groups practiced forearm pronation and supination and wrist flexion and extension in a simultaneous manner with t...

This case report summarizes occupational therapy services provided to a participant after botulinum toxin A (BTA) injections and her improvements 2 years later. The injections were performed to neutralize spasticity in the left upper extremity after a stroke. Along with BTA, the participant received occupational therapy for 12 weeks, using neurodevelopmental and biomechanical approaches and an ...

[Purpose] The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on reducing spasticity immediately and 4 weeks after application of ESWT. [Subjects and Methods] We searched PubMed, TCL, Embase, and Scopus from their inception dates through June 2013. The key words "muscle hypertonia OR spasticity" were used for spasticity, and the key words "sho...

Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common type of CP. Up to 80% of all individuals with cerebral palsy suffer from some degree of spasticity. Spasticity adversely affects muscles and joints of the extremities, causing abnormal movements, and it is especially harmful in growing children. Several methods have been developed and used to assess spasticity. The most commonly used test in clinic...

Several randomised controlled trials [1-4] have shown that botulinum toxin (BoNT) type A and type B reduce muscle tone as measured with the modified Ashworth scale, reduce the frequency of muscle spasms and pain, increase the joints range of motion and improve motor function in patients with muscle spasticity. The duration of benefit is usually 16 weeks and the beneficial effect is often mainta...

This study aimed to exhibit the effects of early physiotherapy and discusses post-treatment results on a patient with incontinentia pigmenti (IP) with encephalocele. Physiotherapy evaluations of the child included cognitive, fine and gross motor development assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - Third Edition (Bayley-III), disability level with the gross motor funct...

Caregivers of persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) often describe the quality of the daily movements of these persons in terms of flexibility or stiffness. Objective outcome measures for flexibility and stiffness are muscle tone or level of spasticity. Two instruments used to grade muscle tone and spasticity are the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and the Modified T...